ST 2008 Department of English, University of Basel Literature and Culture Studies M. Marti British and American Visitors in Switzerland: History of Tourism in Switzerland course programme (provisional) Timeline: till 1789 / The Romantics (1789 - 1837) / The Victorians (1837 - 1901) / 20th century Colours: Transport Literature (works on/about Switzerland) Paintings, Photography Entertainment Accommodation Literature (general) Film Summer sport, Mountaineering History, Politics Visitors Music Winter sports: Skiing etc. Beginnings 1402 Transport: Adam of Usk, passing the Gotthard, writes that he is drawn in an ox-wagon "half dead with cold, and with mine eyes blindfold lest I should see the dangers of the pass" (Wraight, p. 101f) 1478 Accommodation: First guesthouses in Leukerbad Mary I 1553 - 1558 1555 History / Politics: Prosecution of Protestants in England. . Visitors (Refugees): British Refugees in Switzerland (Marian Exiles, 1555-58): About 200 refugees in Geneva: John Scorye (later Bishop of Rochester), Miles Coverdale (translator of the first completely printed ed. of the Bible), William Kethe, John Bodley, William Stafford, Anthony Gilby, Christopher Goodman, Sir John Borthwick, David Lindsay, John Davidson (later Principal of Glasgow University). John Knox becomes the first pastor of the British community in Calvin's Geneva; Thomas Lever in Aarau (Wraight, p. 36) Zurich: Edwin Sandys (later Archbishop of York), Robert Horne (later Bishop of Winchester), John Parkhurst (later Bishop of Salisbury). Basel: John Bale, James Pilkington (later Bishop of Durham), Richard Turner, Thomas Bentham, John Foxe, Lady Dorothy Stafford, Sir Francis Walsingham, Sir Francis Knollys. (Wraight, 112f) 1556 Knox preaches at the "Temple de l'auditoire" in Geneva. Elizabeth I 1558-1603 1560 Geneva Bible (transl. William Whittingham, Anthony Gilby and Thomas Sampson) 1563 Visitors: Sir Edward Unton visits "Zwechary" (Switzerland) with his servant and diarist Richard Smith (Como, Lugano, Bellinzona, Gotthard Pass, Andermatt, Altdorf, Lucerne, Basel) Richard Smith: "This mountaine is from the fote to the topp 2 leages and very stepe the way narrow stony and dangerous snow lyenge uppon the mountaine both winter and somer / uppon the top of this hil is an osterye / al our way unto this mountaine the hills ar very full off chestnutt tres and very abundant of chestnuts / but this mountaine bereth nothing but snow and stones / we ffound extrem cold uppon this hill / we decended this hill still untill we came to a littel towne called olsera [Andermatt] from there rode an enlyshe myle plaine ground and descended agen / from olsera aboute ii enlyshe myles is a brydge which is called ponte inferno / it standeth in a straite betwene the mountaines the beginninge of the ryver of rehin cometh from mount godard and at this brydge hath such a fale among the huge stones that is merveylous." (de Beer, p. 11f) 1592 Visitors: Fynes Moryson: Constance, Schaffhausen, Eglisau, Zurich, Basle. In the 16th century, baths were much more popular than mountains. Moryson remarks on guests in Baden: "many have no disease but that of love, howsoever they faine sickness of body, come hither for remedy, and many times find it." 1593 Visitors: Sir Henry Wotton (1568-1639) : Chiavenna, Splügen, Thusis, Coire, Berne, Geneva. "I took my course through the Grisons to Geneva, leaving a discreet country in my opinion too soon." (de Beer, p. 14) 1603 Visitors: The composer John Bull (1563-1628), travelling in France and Germany might have heard a patois song "Cé qu'é laîno, le Maître de Bataille", which has similarities to "God Save the Queen" James I 1603 - 1625 1604 Visitors: Sir Henry Wotton (1568-1639, see 1593): Coire, Thusis, Splügen, Chiavenna 1608 Visitors: Thomas Coryat (1577-1617) on his way back from Venice: Chiavenna, Splügen, Thusis, Coire, Wesen, Zurich, Baden, Basel. "The ways are very offensive to foote travellers. For they are pitched with very sharp and rough stones that will very much punish and greate a man's feete." (de Beer, p. 16) 1611 Travel Book: Thomas Coryat. Coryat's Crudities: Hastily gobled up in five Moneths travells in France, Savoy, Italy, Rhetia, commonly called the Grisons country, Helvetia alias Switzerland, some parts of high Germany and the Netherlands; Newly digested in the hungry aire of Odcombe in the County of Somerset, and now dispersed to the nourishment of the travelling Members of this Kingdome. 1616 Visitors: Sir Henry Wotton (1568-1639, see 1593): Basel, Lausanne, Thonon, Chambéry. "Infection hindered us to pass the nearest way to Chambéry, and forced us to put our horses and selves at hazard over the Leman Lake, and so to traverse Savoy, buy such rocks and precipices as I think Hannibal did hardly exceed it when he made his way (as poets tell us) with fire and vinegar." (de Beer, 17) Charles I 1625-1649 1626 Visitors: Sir Isaac Wake undertakes a mission to Berne and Zurich on behalf of the canton of the Grisons. He then urges London to appoint a permanent British mission to Switzerland to support the Protestant cantons. A Threefold Help to Political Obversations. i, concerning the Thirteen Cantons of the Helviticall League, London, 1655. Wake stresses the strategic importance of Switzerland between Germany and Italy. 1629 Visitors: Oliver Fleming appointed British diplomatic agent to Switzerland 1635 History / Politics: Henry Duc de Rohan receives orders by Cardinal de Richelieu to march with his army from the Alsace into the Grisons - without offending the cantons he passes. He leeds his army through Basel, Aargau, Baden, Zurich, St. Gallen and Altstätten to Chur. During the campaign ("Bündner Wirren") he stays at Thusis, Spllügen, Chiavenna, Tirano, Maloja, Livigno, Poschiavo, Bormio. 1639 Visitors: John Milton travels through Switzerland on his return from Italy, via the Simplon Pass, stopping at Brig, Martigny and Geneva, where he stays at the house of Jean Diodati. (= Giovanni Diodati) 1641 Visitors: Robert Boyle stays at the house of Jean Diodati (= Giovanni Diodati) in Geneva. "There is three wayes from hence into Italy by Sweetserland and ye Grisons, by Turin, and by Marseilles. The first is to peinefull because of ye great quantity of snow that couereth ye mountaines; ye second is to Dangerous because of ye armys that are both in piedmon and upon the state of Milan; the third is ye Longest indeed but ye sweetest..." (de Beer, p. 19) Boyle then chooses the first: Geneva, Lausanne, Solothurn, Zurich, Coire, Thusis, Splügen, Chiavenna, Bergamo. 1646 Visitors: The diarist John Evelyn (1620-1702) comes from Domodossola (Simplon, Brig, Sion, Martigny, Bouveret) to Geneva. He comments on the way Swiss people dress: "... little variety of distinction betwixt the gentleman and the common sort, by a law of their country being exceedingly frugal. Add to this their great honesty and fidelity, though exacting enough for what they part with. I saw not one beggar ... I look upon this country to be the safest spot of all Europe, neither envied nor envying; nor are any of them rich or poor; they live in great simplicity and tranquillity; and although of the fourteen cantons, half be Roman Catholic, the rest Reformed, yet they mutually agree, and are confederate with Geneva." (Wraight, 133f) 1647 Visitors: John Raymond on his way from Domodossola to Geneva: "Having with much paines, yet delight, because of the variety, crouded through some of the Alpes, wee came to dinner at Sampion, at the top of the Mountaine..." (= Simplon Hospiz) Commonwealth 1649 - 1660 1649 History / Politics: Charles I executed, monarchy abolished. 1653 Transport and Communication: A weekly post service established by the Luganese Diego Maderno: Lucerne - Milano in 4 days. Charles II 1660-1685 1660 Visitors: Some of the "Regicides" (the judges who had condemned Charles I to death) flee to Switzerland: Edmund Ludlow, John Lisle (assasinated in Vevay in 1664), Cawley, Nicholas Love,and Andrew Broughton. They settle down in Geneva, Lausanne and Vevey. Ludlow: "In the house where I lodged, the mistress being an English woman, I found good beer, which was a great refreshment to me, after the fatigue of my journey." (de Beer, p. 21) 1665 Visitors: John Ray (1627-1705): Sta Maria, Ofen Pass, Zernez, Ponte, Albula, Bergün, Coire, Walenstadt, Glarus, Einsiedeln, Schwyz, Altdorf, Stans, Luzerne, Zug, Zurich, Aarau, Solothurn, Berne, Fribourg, Lausanne, Geneva The naturalist writes in his Observations ... Made in a Journey through the Low Countries, Germany, Italy and France:: "All the Switzers in general are very honest people, kind and civil to strangers. One may travel their country securely with a bag of gold in his hand. When we came to our inns they would be troubled if we distrusted them so far as to take our portmanteaus into our lodging chambers and not leave them in the common dining room." (Wraight, p. 141) and on Zurich: "The Zurichers who anciently had the reputation for valour, are now much given to merchandise and to accumulate riches, and so taken off from martial studies and exercises" 1665 Music: Edmund Ludlow (the Regicide) composes the Bernermarsch 1684 Travel Book: J. J. Wagner (1641-95), Index Memorabilium Helvetiae. (The first real Swiss guidebook) James II 1685 - 1688 1686 Visitors: Gilbert Burnet visits Geneva, Lausanne, Berne, Solothurn and Basel. "I left Geneva with a Concern that I could not have felt in leaving any Place out of the Isle of Britain." 1687 Travel Book: Gilbert Burnet (later Bishop of Salisbury): Some Letters Containing What Seemed Most Remarkable in Switzerland, Italy, etc. 1688 Visitors: John Dennis William III and Mary II 1689 - 1702 1690 Visitors: The British Minister to Switzerland, Thomas Coxe and his wife make an "official visit" to Interlaken and Grindelwald. "The whole towne rang with joy ye whole day and night ... spectators of all ages and sexes crowded at ye windows ... and saluted me so continually and civilly as I pass't, that I could not putt on my hatt from one gate of ye city to ye other." 1691 Transport: Beat de Fischer, Bernese patrician, establishes a Swiss transalpine postal service with a direct link between London and Berne, passing along the left bank of the Rhine. 1692 Travel Book: Remarks on the Grand Tour lately performed by a Person of Quality 1701 Visitors: Joseph Addison (1672-1719) visits Geneva, Lausanne, Fribourg, Berne, Solothurn, Gotthard, Zurich and St. Gallen. He writes a letter to Willaim Congreve "from the top of the highest mountain in Switzerland where I am now shivering among the Eternal frosts and snows. ... I am here entertained with the prettiest variety of snow-prospects that you can imagine." (de Beer, p. 26) "It is very wonderful to see such a knot of governments, which are so divided among themselves in matters of religion, maintain so uninterrupted an union and correspondence, that no one of them is for invading the rights of another. ... This I think must be chiefly ascribed to the nature of the people, and the constitution of their governments." (Wraight, 150) Anne 1702 - 1714 1702 History / Politics: England declares war on France. The Duke of Marlborough (John Churchill) starts a campaign on the continent and captures Kaiserworth, Venloo and Liege. 1703 History / Politics: Marlborough captures Bonn, Huy, Limoges and Guelders. 1707 Traffic: Urner Loch: First road tunnel in the Alps (64 m.). 1708 Visitors: Gilbert Burnet: Zurich, Grindelwald. (see also 1686 and 1687) 1713 History / Politics: Treaty of Utrecht establishes the terms of peace with Louis XIV. 1713 Maps: Johann Jakob Scheuzer publishes "Nova Helvetiae Tabula Geographica", the most complete map of Switzerland of the eighteenth century. Followed in 1723 by Ouresiphoites Helveticus sive Intinera Alpina per Helvetiae alpinas regiones facta annis MDCCII. MDCCIII. etc. (1702-1711, contains illustrations of dragons that have been seen by travellers in the Alps) 1714 Travel Book: L'Etat de la Suisse, en 1714 - An Account of Switzerland Written in the Year 1714, by Abraham Stanyan, former British Minister in Berne. George I 1714-1727 1715 History / Politics: Jacobite Rebellion in favour of James Stuart, "the Old Pretender", fails in Scotland. 1720- 1729 History / Politics: England at war with Spain. 1722 Travel Book: The Gentleman's Pocket Companion for travelling into Foreign parts, illustrated with maps (London) 1723 Visitors: Sir Horace Mann goes from Geneva to Grindelwald: "Four years previously, the glacier had advanced so much that the inhabitants were considering a petition to their government for permission to make use of the services of an exorcist to drive the glacier back ... the glacier did in fact recede, though doubtless for other reasons." (de Beer, p. 30) George II 1727-1760 1728 During his journey with Johann Gesner (Geneva, Martigny, Sion, Leuk, Gemmi, Kandersteg, Interlaken, Meiringen, Joch Pass, Engelberg, Lucerne) Albrecht von Haller conceives his poem Die Alpen (1739). 1733 History / Politics: Anti-British riots in the Valais as Mandel and Aston, two Englishmen, should get the rights to exploit the iron mines in the Valley of Binn. (Wraight, 162) 1739 Visitors: Horace Walpole (1717-97) travels with Thomas Gray (1716-71) for two years on the Continent. Walpole on the Alps: "I hope I shall never see them again". . Literature on Switzerland: Albrecht von Haller, Die Alpen Albrecht von Haller's ode changes the attitudes of many people: The Alps become very popular. 1741 Visitors: Lady Mary Wortley Montague (Geneva) Benjamin Stillingfleet (1702-1771), probably in blue stockings - visits Chamonix from Geneva. William Wyndham: Geneva, Chamonix Richard Pococke (1704-1765): Basel, Liestal, Waldenburg, Solothurn, Aarberg, Murten, Lausanne, Nyon, Geneva, Chamonix, Thonon, Evian, Aigle, Bex, Vevey, Fribourg, Murten, Neuchâtel, Berne, Lucerne, Walchwil, Zug, Zurich, Winterthur, Schaffhausen, Basel. . Mountaineering: William "Boxing" Wyndham recruits a "large brigade of guides" to climb the Montanvert (Chamonix) 1746 History / Politics: The Highlanders are massacred at the Battle of Culloden, Cumberland wins against the Jacobites. Charles Edward, the Young Pretender (Bonnie Prince Charlie), escapes to France. 1746 Visitors: Philip Stanhope visits Lausanne, Bex, Berne and Einsiedeln on his Grand Tour. HIs father, the Earl of Chesterfield, writes to him: "Bishop Burnet has wrote his travels through Switzerland [see 1687], and Mr. Stanyan, from a long residence there, has written the best account, yet extant, of the thirteen cantons [see 1714]: but those books will be read no more. I presume, after you shall have published your accounts of that country. I hope you will favour me with one of the first copies. To be serious, though I do not desire that you shall immediately turn author and oblige the world with your travels, yet, wherever you go, I would have you as curious and inquisitive as if you did intend to write them." (1747; Wraith, 167f) 1748 Visitors: James Hutton (1726-1797): Schaffhausen, St. Gallen, Zurich, Aarau, Berne, Neuchâtel, Geneva. Thomas Hollis (1720-74): Geneva, Berne, Zurich. . Tourism: Because of the excavations Herculaneum (1738) and Pompeji (1748) become major destinations of the Grand Tour. 1749 Travel Book: The first major guidebook to the Grand Tour: Nugent, Thomas. The grand Tour or a journey through the Netherlands, Germany, Italy and France (4 vol. London). 1754 Visitors: Prince Charles Edward Stuart or Bonnie Prince Charlie, the Young Pretender, stays in Basel at the hotel Drei Könige under the name of Mr. Thompson. He is travelling with Miss Walkinshaw and their daughter, the future Duchess of Albany. Lord Keith (outlawed because of his participation in the Jacobite Rebellion) is made Governor of the principality of Neuchâtel for Frederick the Great, King of Prussia. (Neuchâtel remains Prussian till 1815) 1755- 1758 Visitors: Edward Gibbon (1737-94) makes a tour of Switzerland (Lausanne, Yverdon, Neuchâtel, Solothurn, Baden, Zurich, Einsiedeln, Basel, Aarau, Berne). In Einsiedeln he comments: "I was astonished by the profuse ostentation of riches in the poorest corner of Euope; amidst a savage scene of woods and mountains, a palace appears to have been erected by magic." (Back in Lausanne, Gibbon falls in love with Suzanne Curchaud, but his father forbids the marriage. Suzanne then married Jacques Necker, and their daughter became the famous Mme de Stael. Gibbon returned to England in 1758.) Voltaire comes to Geneva: L'auteur arrivant dans sa terre, près du lac de Genève. (1755) 1756 Literature on Switzerland: Oliver Goldsmith (1728-74) makes Voltaire's acquaintance in Lausanne. Poem "The Traveller". Jean-Jacques Rousseau: Nouvelle Héloise. George Keate (1729-1797) Verses, occasioned by visiting in 1756, a small Chapel on the Lake of Lucern, in the canton of Uri, erected to the memory of the famous William Tell. 1757 Literature: Edmund Burke: Philosophical Enquiry into the Origin of our Ideas of the Sublime and Beautiful Burke's idea of the "Sublime" changes people's view of the Alps. 1759 Voltaire buys an estate called Fernay (near Geneva), where he spends the rest of his life. Visits to Voltaire become - against his wish - part of the "Grand Tour". ("Voltaire at Fernet", D. H. Auden) 1760 Travel Book: The term "Grand Tour" appears in Voyage of Italy, by Richard Lassels (the word "tourist" only around 1800) . Sport / mountaineering: Horace-Benedict de Saussure visits Chamonix, and offers a reward to the man who should first succeed in reaching the summit of Mont Blanc. George III 1760-1820 1761 Literature on Switzerland: Jean-Jacques Rousseau: Julie, ou la Novelle Héloise: The lovers, Julie and Saint-Preux, live at the foot of the Alps. The book fosters a cult of the environs of Lake Leman and Switzerland becomes the goal of literary pilgrimages. 1762 Lord Keith gives Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712-78) protection in Neuchâtel. Du contrat social published. Wieland's translation of Shakespeare published by Orell Gesner & Co, Zurich. Sponsored by Johann Jakob Bodmer. 1763 Literature on Switzerland: George Keate (1729-1797) The Alps 1764 History / Politics: After the Peace of Paris has ended the Seven Years' War, the way is open for British tourists to travel to the continent. 1764 Visitors: British tourists have increased: a Swiss observer estimates that of twenty guests in a Swiss inn, fourteen are British. Charles Stanhope (1763-1816) and Daniel Malthus (the father of Thomas Robert Malthus) visit Voltaire in Geneva. On his Grand Tour, James Boswell goes from Basel to Solothurn, stays there at the Hotel de La Couronne, visits Lord Keith in Neuchâtel, makes six calls on Rousseau at Motiers and spends some time with Voltaire at Ferney. . Literature on Switzerland: Oliver Goldsmith (1728-74): Poem "The Traveller". 1765 Jean-Jacques Rousseau moves to the Ile St. Pierre (Petersinsel) in the Lake of Bienne. . Visitors: Samuel Sharp: "I must confess to you that I have yet seen nothing which has afforded me so much pleasure as that extraordinary genious Mons. Voltaire. My principal motive for passing the Alps, by way of Geneva, was a visit to that Gentleman." (Letters from Italy, 1766) John Wilkes (1725-97): "The Appenines are not near so high or so horrible as the Alps. On the Alps you see very few tolerable spots; and only firs, but very majestic." (de Beer, p. 46) 1766 Jean-Jacques Rousseau accepts an invitation from David Hume to come and live in England. 1766 Visitors: Adam Smith stays in Geneva, accompanying the young Duke of Buccleuch as a travelling tutor. He meets Voltaire at Ferney, works in Geneva on his Wealth of Nations. George Keate: An Epistle to Monsieur de Voltaire 1769 Paintings: The Irish painter Edmund Garvey exhibits a watercolour of a Waterfall in the Alps at the Royal Academy, one of the first Alpine paintings to be shown in Britain. 1770 Visitors: The English painter William Pars (1742-82) is engaged by the 2nd Lord Palermston to accompany him on a 6 weeks' tour of Switzerland, to make "drawings of the most remarkable views and antiquities". Horace-Benedict de Saussure joins them for part of the tour. (Geneva, Chamonix, Lauterbrunnen, Grindelwald, Meiringen, Grimsel, Furka, Andermatt) Frederick Hervey (1730-1803): Geneva, Chur (Coire), Bondo. Frederick Hervey, Bishop of Derry and 4th Earl of Bristol, likes to travel, and his reputation for good living and for staying at the best hotels explains the number of hotels named "Bristol" after him. . Accommodation: Mme Coutterand opens the first inn at Chamonix. 1771 Paintings: William Pars (see 1770) shows his Swiss drawings in London. . Visitors: Norton Nicholls, encouraged by Thomas Gray, crosses Switzerland on his way from Paris to Milan. He visits Salomon Gessner in Zurich, "the poet, author of the death of Abel of which you have read the translation, he is a man of genius and amiable; - I pass everywhere like current coin as the friend of poor Mr. Gray..." (Black, p. 35) 1773 Visitors: The 8th Duke of Hamilton on the Grand Tour, accompanied by John Moore, visits Geneva, Chamonix, Martigny, Evian, Lausanne, Berne and Basel. 1775 Visitors: Lord Charles Greville is the first person to cross the Gotthard pass in a wheeled carriage. The botanist and garden architect Thomas Blaikie (1851-1838) is sent by Dr Fothergill (Upton near Stratford.) and Dr Pitcairn, to search for rare alpine plants in Switzerland. He passes through: Geneva, Thonon, Evian, Morgins, Monthey, Bex, Sion, Leuk, Gemmi, Kandersteg, Interlaken, Grindelwald, Thun, Berne, Biel, St. Imier, Vallorbe, Lac de Joux, Chamonix, Lausanne, Vevey, Aigle. Johann Wolfgang von Goethe (together with Counts Friedrich Leopold and Christian Stolberg): Schaffhausen, Zurich, Einsiedeln, Schwyz, Rigi, Altdorf, Andermatt, Gotthard, Altdorf, Brunnen, Zug, Zurich, Basel. .1776 Visitors: William Coxe (1747-1828) visits Schaffhausen, St. Gallen, Appenzell, Sargans, Walenstadt, Glarus, Einsiedeln, Rapperswil, Zurich, Zug, Lucerne, Altdorf, Andermatt, Furka, Münster, Grimsel, Meiringen, Grindelwald, Lauterbrunnen, Interlaken, Kandersteg, Gemmi, Leuk, Sion, Martigny, Chamonix, Geneva, Lausanne, Yverdon, Neuchâtel, Le Locle, Murten, Fribourg, Berne, Bienne, Solothurn, Basel. Coxe makes his first visit to Switzerland, visiting Lavater and Salomon Gessner. (see also 1779, 1785, 1786 and 1802) The painter John Robert Cozens (1717-86) is accompanying Richard Payne Knight on his tour: Geneva, Chamonix, Martigny, Berne, Thun, Interlaken, Lauterbrunnen, Grindelwald, Meiringen, Engelberg, Surenen, Altdorf, Klausen, Glarus, Coire, Thusis, Splügen, Chiavenna. . Painting: John Robert Cozens (1717-86), 55 watercolour drawings: The Valley of the Rhone, Between Chamonix and Martigny .1777 Visitors: William Beckford (1759-1844): "Were I not to go to Voltaire's sometimes and to the mountains very often I should die." Travel book: Jakob Samuel Wyttensbach publishes a guide-book to the glaciers and peaks of the Bernese Oberland. . 1779 Visitors: William Coxe (1747-1828) comes from Chiavenna to St Moritz and finds a health spa: "I am lodged in one of the boarding-houses, which abound in this place, for the Accommodation of persons who drink the waters." (de Beer, p. 62) He moves on to Zurich via Zuoz, Schuols, Nauders, Sta. Maria, Umbrail, Chiavenna, Splügen, Thusis, Chur (Coire), Lenzerheide, Davos, Klosters, Landquart, Disentis, Oberalp, Andermatt, Altdorf, Brunnen, Schwyz, Gersau, Stans, Lucerne. Thomas Martyn collects material for his guide book to Switzerland (see 1787). He starts a round trip from Geneva, visiting Lausanne, Vevey, Aigle, Berne, Solothurn, Basel, Schaffhausen, Konstanz, Zurich, Lucerne, Biel, Neuchâtel, Thun, Interlaken, Brienz, Meiringen, Grindelwald, Lauterbrunnen, Interlaken, Fribourg, Chamonix Frederick Hervey (1730-1803) comes from Aosta (Grand St. Bernard, Martigny) to Berne. Johann Wolfgang von Goethe and Duke Karl August von Weimar: Basel, Moutier, Biel, Bern, Interlaken, Lauterbrunnen, Grindelwald, Meiringen, Bern, Lausanne, Chamonix, Martigny, Sion, Leukerbad, Brig, Furka, Altdorf, Lucerne, Zurich, Schaffhausen. . Sport / Mountaineering: Mr. Blair, an Englishman living in Geneva, erects a small wooden hut on the Montenvers. Blair's Cabin lasts till 1812. . Travel Books: William Coxe (1747-1828): Sketches of the Natural, Civil and Political State of Swisserland. (see 1776) Horace-Benedict de Saussure: Voyages dans les Alpes. 1780 Accommodation: Lauterbrunnen: A new rectory is built to take up guests. 1781 Paintings: Francis Towne and John "Warwick" Smith 1782 History / Politics: Revolution in Geneva. . Visitors: The Duke of Gloucester, the King's brother, has an argument with an innkeeper at Stäfa. 1783 Visitors / Residents: Edward Gibbon settles in Lausanne (till 1793) to work till 1787 on the completion of The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire. . Paintings: Sir George Beaumont (1753-1827), watercolourist, comes to paint in Switzerland. 1784 Visitors: Sir Thomas Constable (1762-1823) travels on foot through Switzerland, pursuing botanical studies. 1785 Visitors: William Beckford setttles in La Tour-de-Peilz (near Vevey) to work on his novel Vathek. William Coxe (1747-1828) makes another complete tour (after 1776 and 79): Schaffhausen, Zurich, Basel, Moutier, Biel, Solothurn, Berne, Langnau, Lucerne, Stans, Engelberg, Altdorf, Andermatt, Furka, Grimsel, Meiringen, Lauterbrunnen, Interlaken, Kandersteg, Gemmi, Leuk, Sion, Martigny, Chamonix, Martigny, Bex, Vevey, Lausanne, Geneva, Neuchâtel, Murten, Fribourg, Biel, Porrentruy, Basel. 1786 Visitors: The poet Thomas Sedgwick Whalley (1746&endash;1828), visiting Konstanz, Frauenfeld, Zurich, Lucerne, Einsiedeln, Schaffhausen, Zurich, Berne, Solothurn, Balsthal and Basel complains about Coxe's guide book: "I do not agree with Mr. Coxe. The situation of Lucerne appears less beautiful to me, than that of Zurich. ... As I entered Lucerne by land, and with calm ideas, its position towards the lake, though picturesque, fell far short of my expectations" (de Beer, p. 77f) . Sport / mountaineering: Horace-Benedict de Saussure: ascends Mont Blanc (second after the locals Jacques Balmat and Michel-Gabriel Paccard). 1787 Visitors: 40-50 Englishmen are imprisoned in Geneva because they tried to get out of the city after the gates were shut. They are banished for life from the Republic. . Sport / mountaineering: Colonel Mark Beaufoy ascends Mont Blanc soon after Horace-Benedict de Saussure. . Travel Book: Thomas Martyn. Sketch of a Tour through Swisserland. the earliest English guide-book to Switzerland. 1788 Visitors: Charles James Fox (1749-1806) visits Biel, Berne and Lausanne. William Windham (1750-1810),: Schaffhausen, Basel, Solothurn, Biel, Berne, Thun, Interlaken, Lausanne. Windham meets Fox in Berne. . Paintings: George Augustus Wallis (1761-1847), the English landscape painter, tours Switzerland. 1789 History / Politics: French Revolution. (cf. Impacts on Britain) Declaration of the Rights of Man. (Déclaration des droits de l'homme). . Travel Books: Coxe, William. Travels in Switzerland. (after visits in 1776, 1779, 1785 and 1786) Heinrich Heidegger, Zürich: Handbuch für Wanderer durch die Schweiz . Visitors: Prince Edward, Duke of Kent, completes his education for three years in Geneva. Visits Sir Philip de Loutherbourg in Biel (Bienne), joins the Masonic Lodge of Geneva. . Accommodation: The first guesthouse at Kandersteg: Gasthof "zum Ritter" George III 1760-1820 1790 Visitors: William Wordsworth (1770-1850) makes his first extended visit to Switzerland during a summer holiday (cf. Prelude, Book VI). The places he visits are: Geneva, Lausanne, Martigny, Chamonix, Martigny, Sion, Brig, Simplon, Domodossola, Como, San Bernardino, Thusis, Reichenau, Disentis, Oberalp, Andermatt, Altdorf, Lucerne, Zurich, Einsiedeln, Glarus, Walenstadt, Altstätten, Appenzell, Konstanz, Schaffhausen, Lucerne, Brünig, Meiringen, Grindelwald, Lauterbrunnen, Interlaken, Thun, Berne, Neuchâtel, Basel. See Wordsworth's route over the Simplon. 1791 Visitors: Prince Augustus, Duke of Sussex: Lausanne (lives in Ludlow's house, cf. 1660) A British tourist, Joshua Lucock Wilkinson, gets arrested at Rolle on suspicion of being the escaped Louis XVI. 1791 Sport / Mountaineering: Horace-Benedict de Saussure climbs Klein Matterhorn 1792 Visitors: Edward Daniel Clarke (1769-1822) takes the Gotthard route from Basel to Turin. "Our carriages were drawn by oxen and peasants over high mountains of snow, where no European had ever dreamed of meeting a carriage before, among precipices, rocks, torrents and cataracts. The mountaineers beheld us with astonisment, the children ran away from us, and the men could not be kept from the wheels ... in their eagerness to see inside." (de Beer, 94) During a two years' stay at Neuchâtel, Lord Valentine Lawless Cloncurry meets: William Beckford, Lord Coleshill, the Duke of Sussex, Lord Boringdon, Lord Morpeth, the Duchess of Devonshire, the Duchess of Ancaster, Lord Carmarthen, Lord Cholmondely, Earl Annesley, Robert Fowler Bishop of Ossory and Lord Robert Fitzgerald (de Beer, p. 98) . William Gilpin (1724-1804): Three Essays: On Picturesque Beauty; On Picturesque Travel; and On Sketching Landscape 1793 Visitors: Helen Maria Williams (1762-1827) (see also 1794) Georgiana, Duchess of Devonshire, Edward Gibbon, Frederick Augustus Hervey, Lady Elizabeeth Webster, Elizabeth Wynne. . Albrecht von Haller's Die Alpen published in London (translated by Mrs. Howorth). Rev. Henry Boyd: The Wanderer, a lyric poem, in four irregular odes. Travel book: J. G. Ebel von Züllichau Anleitung auf die nützlichste und genussreichste Art die Schweiz zu bereisen, Zürich, 2 Theile 8. 1794 Visitors: Helen Maria Williams (1762-1827), together with John Hurtford Stone (released by Robespierre): Basel, Zurich, Lucerne, Altdorf, Gotthard, Bellinzona, Lugano, San Bernardino, Chur, Wallenstadt, Glarus, Engelberg, Zug, Solothurn, Bern, Biol, Neuchatel, Morat, Lausanne, Geneva, Vevey, Sion. (see 1798) Viktor von Bonstetten, Edward Daniel Clarke, Rowley Lascelles, Lord Lismore, Elizabeth Wynne. 1796 Paintings: Thomas Wedgwood, first "photographer" visits Lucerne, the Rigi, Brünig and Meiringen. 1797 Napoleon in Basel 1798 France invades Switzerland. Switzerland gets reorganized as "Helvetic Republic" ("Republique Helvetique") . Transport: system of national diligences (Eilkutschen) established. . Travel Book: Helen Maria Williams (1762-1827): A Tour in Switzerland "The graceful style and the lively imagination of the authoress will never efface the bad impressions, which the revolutionary principles that are held forth in this book, are apt to make on the minds of impartial readers" (Coxe, Travels in Switzerland, vol. III, p. 361) 1799 Neuchâtel remains neutral and takes up refugees from France. Victory of the French troops over General Korsakov's Russian forces at the 2nd Battle of Zurich. . Literature on Switzerland: Samuel Taylor Coleridge: Tell's Birthplace, imitated from Stolberg Travel Book: Georgina Cavendish, Duchess of Devonshire.: Memorandums of the Face of the Country in Switzerland. 1802 The Federalists under Alois Reding regain power in Berne. Treaty of Amiens signed by Britain, France, Spain, and the Netherlands. Travel to the continent becomes possible during a 14 months' peace. . Visitors: Robert Malthus (1766-1834) visits Switzerland, Voltaire and Rousseau. Heinrich von Kleist settles in Thun. . Painters: First of six extended visits to Switzerland by J. M. W. Turner (1775-1851): Geneva, Chamonix, Aosta, Grand St. Bernard, Martigny, Vevey, Château d'Oex, Saanen, Zweisimmen, Interlaken, Grindelwald, Grosse Scheidegg, Meiringen, Brünig, Lucerne, Altdorf, Andermatt, Zurich, Schaffhausen, Basel. He makes 400 sketches on this tour. . Literature: Samuel Taylor Coleridge: Hymn before Sunrise, in the Vale of Chamouni Willam Wordsworth: Thought of a Briton on the Subjugation of Switzerland Travel Literature: Coxe, William. Travels in Switzerland and in the Country of the Grisons, in a Series of Letters to William Melmoth, Exq. A New Edition. (3 vol.) 1803 Swiss delegates accept Napoleon's Act of Mediation, replacing the Helvetic Republic by a Swiss Confederation of 19 cantons (6 new cantons) 1804 Napoleon crowns himself as Emperor of France. . Literature on Switzerland: Friedrich Schiller: Wilhelm Tell 1805 Battle of Trafalgar: Nelson destroys the French fleet; Napoleon wins the battle Of Austerlitz. . Entertainment: Inspirerd by Nicholas Friedrich von Mühlenen, Interlaken organizes its first folk festival (Unspunnenfest), probably the first attempt to launch a resort. . Transport: Simplon route is open for coach travel (the first Alpine pass road) . Willam Wordsworth: Prelude (Book 6: The Alps) 1806 Bergsturz Arth-Goldau landslide costs 457 lives. . James Montgomery (1771-1854): "The Wanderer of Switzerland" 1807 Willam Wordsworth: "Thought of a Briton on the Subjugation of Switzerland." 1808 Entertainment: Interlaken's second folk festival (Unspunnenfest) attracts 6,000 visitors (among them princes and counts) Music festivals organized on the Rigi. 1810 Napoleon imposes a blockade of Switzerland, considering it as the heart of English smuggling in Europe. The Valais is annexed and Napoleon's troops occupy the Ticino and the Alpine passes. 1811 The brothers Meyer ascend Jungfrau and Finsteraarhorn. 1814 Visitors: Percy Bysshe Shelley (1792-1822) elopes with Mary (Wollstonecraft) Godwin and her stepsister Claire Clairmont, arriving at Lucerne and Brunnen via Neuchâtel. Michael Faraday is Sir Humphry Davy's valet and ammanuensis on a tour through Domodossola, Simplon, Brig, Sion, Martigny, Geneva, Lausanne, Vevey, Payerne, Berne, Zurich, Schaffhausen. Caroline, Princess of Wales, and unhappy wife of the future King George IV, tours the continent and visits Basel, Moutier, Berne, Lausanne, Geneva, Chamonix, Geneva, Lausanne, Martigny, Sion, Brig, Simplon, Domodossola. She continues her tour through Italy, Greece, Ephesus, and Jerusalem while the Prince Regent is at home enjoying his mistresses. Other tourists in this year: Richard Boyle Bernard, Sir David Brewster, Charles Lennox Cumming Bruce, Stratford Canning, Lady Charlotte Bury, Edward Coplestone, Sir Henry Holland, Sir James Mackintosh, John Mayne, John Milford, Samuel Rogers, James Thomas Townley Tisdall, General Sir Robert Wilson. 1815 Switzerland gets its perpetual neutrality guaranteed at the Congress of Vienna. The confederation consits now of 22 cantons (Geneva, Valais and Neuchâtel as new cantons). Upon Napoleon's return from Elba the Swiss cantons split: Vaud and Aargau are Bonapartist, Basel and Geneva neutral, Berne for the allies. 1816 Visitors: Lord Byron stays mainly at the Lake of Geneva and makes excursions around the lake, but but he also visits Basel, Lucerne, Bern, Murten, Château d'Oex, Saanen, Zweisimmen, Interlaken, Lauterbrunnen, Grindelwald, Meiringen, Thun, Berne, Fribourg, Sion, Brig, Simplon, Domodossola. P.B. Shelley, Mary (Wollstonecraft) Godwin and Claire Clairmont stay at the Hotel de Sécheron, Geneva, where they meet Lord Byron and his physician and friend John Polidori. Together they settle down for the summer at Cologny. Byron lives at the Villa Diodati, the Shelleys in a house nearby (see: Ghost story session). Works written at that time include: Shelley: Hymn to Intellectual Beauty, Mary Shelley: Frankenstein, Byron: Childe Harold's Pilgrimage, Manfred, The Prisoner of Chillon, Polidori: The Vampyre. Claire gets a child by Byron. The scandalous group attracts other tourists and the proprietor of the Hotel d'Angleterre erects a telescope, so that they can watch Byron's window for a small charge. (Wraight, p. 214). James Cockburn makes an extended tour. He is said to have been the first to use a camera lucida in making his drawings and sketches in the alps. Other British tourists in this year: Sir Archibald Alison, Andrew Bell, Lord Henry Brougham, Lady de Clifford, Edward Coplestone, W. E. Frye, Robert Haldane, John Cam. Hobhouse, Thomas Hookham, Thomas Langton, Matthew Gregory (Monk) Lewis, Sir Roderick Murchison, John Playfair, Adam Sedgwick, Richard Sharp, Lady Francis Shelley, John Sheppard, Lord Tignmouth, Hugh William Williams. . Mary Shelley: Frankenstein. P.B. Shelley: Mont Blanc. Lines written in the Vale of Chamouni .. Accommodation: Chamonix: first luxury hotel (The Hotel de l'Union), followed by 'la Couronne' and 'le Royal' 1817 Visitors: Henry Venn Elliott: "As for the Hotel on the Righi, the Accommodations were sufficiently miserable..." Robert Southey: "Were I to settle anywhere on the continent, Switzerland should be the country, and probably Lausanne the place." Other visitors include: W. E. Frye, Thomas Langton, John Playfair, Thomas Raffles, Stewart Rose, John Barber Scott, George Ticknor, Jane Waldie, Samuel Miller Waring, Stephen Weston. . Literature on Switzerland: Mary and Percy Bysshe Shelley. History of a Six Weeks' Tour. Byron's Manfred published. Its description of Wengen, Scheidegg and Grindelwald glaciers spreads the fame of the Bernese Oberland throughout Britain. 1818 Transport: Mr. B. Emery of Charing Cross begins to organise group tours to Switzerland by stage coach. Each tour is limited to six persons with 50 kg of luggage each. They have two days in Paris and fourteen days in Switzerland, stoppping each night at a different place. All-inclusive price: 20 Guineas. The tours were continued for several years. (Wraight, p. 218) . Travel Books: Robert Glutz-Blotheim: Revision of Heidegger's Handbuch (1789) combined with Ebel's Anleitung (1793) Poetry: Sir Walter Scott, The Battle of Sempach . Visitors: Edmund Kean visits Geneva, Martigny, Grand St. Bernard. Edward Duke of Kent (Queen Victoria's father) spends his honeymoon in Berne, Thun, Interlaken, Lauterbrunnen and Grindelwald. Other tourists: Sir Archibald Alison, Capt. Basil Hall, Sir Charles Lyell, Henry Matthews, Thomas Medwin, John Murray, John Scott, Edward Stanley, Samuel Miller Waring. 1819 Travel Books: Daniel Wall, The Traveller's Guide through Switzerland. Samuel Miller Waring The Traveller's Fireside. A Series of papers on Switzerland, the Alps, etc. containing information and descriptions, original and selected from French and Swiss authors. George IV 1820-1830 1820 Paintings: James Pattison Cockburn: Swiss Scenery (drawings and engravings) . Visitors: William Wordsworth retraces his earlier tour [cf. 1790] with his wife Dorothy: Schaffhausen, Zurich, Aarburg, Herzogenbuchsee, Bern, thun, Interlaken, Lauterbrunnen, Grindelwald, Meiringen, Brünig, Engelberg, Lucerne, Rigi, Altdorf, amsteg, Hospenthal, St. Gotthard, Airolo, Bellinzona, Locarnon, Luino, Ponte Tresa, Lugano, Como, Milan, Domodossola, Simplon, Brig, Sion, Martigny, Chamonix, Villeneuve, Lausanne, Geneva. Dorothy is delighted, but William complains about the effects of tourism in a letter to Trelawney: "As to the arbitrary, pitiless, godless wretches, who have removed Nature's landmakrs by cutting roads through Alps and Appenines, until all things are reduced to the same dead level, they will be arraigned hereafter with the unjust." (de Beer, 156) Other visitors: R. Bakewell, Mary Berry, Marianne Colston, J. J. Coulmann, Kenelm Henry Digby, Maria Edgeworth, Thomas Medwin, Henry Crabb Robinson, Edward John Trelawny, Stephen Weston. 1821 Mountaineering: The guides of Chamonix form themselves into a corporation with fixed tariffs for climbs ('La Compagnie des Guides'). 1823 Visitors: John Philip Kemble (1757-1823), actor and theatre manager, dies in Lausanne. . Rodolphe Töpffer starts a school of his own at Geneva for boys of every nationality. Each summer the holidays take the form of a walking tour in the alps to which he writes and illustrate an account. 1824 Transport: Guillaume Tell (steam boat on Lake Geneva). The routes over San Bernardino and Splugen are open for coach traffic. . Literature on Switzerland: Bernard Barton ( 1784-1849): To Switzerland 1825 Visitors: William Hazlitt (1778-1830) makes a literary pilgrimage to the scenes depicted by Rousseau in La nouvelle Heloise. Domodossola, Simplon, Brig, Sion, Martigny, Bex, Vevey, Col de Balme, Basel, Chamonix, Geneva, Lausanne, Vevey, Yverdon, Neuchâtel, Biel, Moutier. The first tourist ever sighted in the Saas Valley (Valais) is an Englishman, William Brockedon. Other tourists in this year: Edmund Clark and Markham Sherwill, George Downes, Thomas Jefferson Hogg, Victor Hugo, Thomas Medwin, John Murray, Colonel Moyle Sherer, Seth William Stevenson. . Paintings: Richard Parkes Bonington: La Place du Molard, Geneva; The Bridge of St. Maurice, Valais. "Switzerland in Miniature", a model by M. A. Gaudin, is exhibited at the Egyptian Hall in Picadilly. . Literature on Switzerland: Mark Lemon (1809-1870): Arnold of Winkelried or: The Fight of Sempach! A Drama in Five Acts. 1826 Transport: Steamboats: "Leman" (280 tons, Lake of Geneva); "Verbano" (Lago Maggiore) Julier pass opened for traffic to the Engadine. . Visitors: Benjamin Disraeli visits Geneva, Martigny, Sion, Brig, Simplon, Domodossola. Other tourists: Mrs. Bodington, Richard Parkes Bonington, John Carne, N. H. Carter, Thomas Erskine, James David Forbes, Charles James La Trobe, William Thomson, Clarissa Trant, Walter Weever. 1827 Visitors: William Liddiard (author of a travel book, see 1832) visits Geneva, Chamonix, Martigny, Vevey, Lausanne, Murten, Berne, Thun, Interlaken, Lauterbrunnen, Grindelwald, Meiringen, Brünig, Lucerne, Rigi, Altdorf, Andermatt, St. Gotthard, Altdorf, Brunnen, Schwyz, Einsiedeln, Lucerne, Willisau. Other tourists: Henry Angelo, John Auldjo, John Ball, John Carne, Sir Charles Fellows, Robert Gray, J.D. Sinclair, Richard Twining, Weever Walter, Sir David Wilkie. 1828 Visitors: James Fenimore Cooper makes the "full" tour: Les Verrieres, Neuchâtel, Berne, Thun, Interlaken, Lauterbrunnen, Grindelwald, Meiringen, Berne, Baden, Schaffhausen, Rorschach, Altstätten, Gais, St. Gallen, Herisau, Zurich, Albis, Zug, Rigi, Lucerne, Langnau, Brienz, Brünig, Stans, Brunnen, Schwyz, Einsiedeln, Glarus, Walenstadt, Chur, Disentis, Oberalp, Andermatt, Furka, Grimsel, Lausanne, Geneva, Martigny, Sion, Brig, Simplon, Domodossola. Other visitors: Yeats Brown, John Cam Hobhouse (Lord Broughton), Earl of Malmesbury, Thomas Maude. . Sir Walter Scott: Anne of Geierstein (a "Swiss" novel, describing the battles of Buttisholz, Grandson and Murten) 1830 Accommodation: First hotel in Montreux. English church established at Pully (near Lausanne) . Transport: Gotthard can be crossed by coach . Mountaineering: Zermatt: Lord Minto and his son climb the Breithorn with guides from Chamonix. William IV 1830-1837 1832 Fights against the industrialisation of Switzerland: Maschinensturm in Uster (Anti-Machine riot by weavers) . Visitors: James Fenimore Cooper: Schaffhausen, Zurich, Einsiedeln, Schwyz, Lucerne, Brünig, Meiringen, Interlaken, Lauterbrunnen, Grindelwald, Thun, Berne, Murten, Vevey, Martigny, Grand St. Bernard, Geneva. . Travel Book: William Liddiard (1773-1841): Three Months' Tour in Switzerland and France. . Accommodation: St. Moritz: Inauguration of the first bath house using the source's mineral water. It features bathing rooms and a drinking hall as its principal amenities, but no accommodation for the night. 1833 Basel: Civil war between Basel Stadt and Land Paintings: William Henry Fox Talbot (1807-77) sketches the Swiss mountains from Lake Como with the help of a camera lucida, developping the first real camera. .. Visitors: Ralph Waldo Emerson: Domodossola, Simplon, Brig, Sion, Martigny, Geneva: "To oblige my companions, and protesting all the way upon the unworthiness of his memory, I went to Ferney." (de Beer, p. 290) John Ruskin: Schaffhausen, Chur, Thusis, Splügen, Chiavenna, Milano, Aosta, Grand St. Bernard, Martigny, Vevey, Berne, Thun, Interlaken, Lucerne, Zurich, Baden, Basel, Geneva, Chamonix. On the way to Basel the Ruskins run into the civil war between Basel Stadt and Baselland. Lord Edward Bulwer Lytton: Geneva, Coppet, Clarens, Evian, Villeneuve, Martigny. Thomas Lovell Beddoes (1803-49), banished from Bavaria, settles permanently in Switzerland: First in Zurich, then in Basel. (1844) .. Accommodation: Zurich: Johannes Bauer founds a restaurant (which will later become the Baur au Lac, see 1833) 1834 Accommodation: Hôtel des Bergues (Geneva) built on the shore of the Lake of Geneva. One of its founders is the later General Henri Dufour 1835 Transport: First sailings on the Lake of Thun on "PS Bellevue", Lake of Zurich: "Minerva". "Gotthardpost": Basel - Milano 1835 Tourism: Mr Emery's tours to Switzerland cost 20 pounds, it takes ten days to get from London to Basel. Thomas Lovell Beddoes (1803-49) settles in Zurich and undertakes the first staging of Shakespeearean plays in German there. . Visitors: Michael Faraday, Edward Forbes, Olver Wendell Holmes, Sir Charles Lyell, Matthew O'COnnor, John Ruskin (1819-1900), R. J. Shuttleworth, Mrs. Elizabeth Strutt,. . Mountaineering: Unsuccessful attempt to climb the Jungfrau by Yeats Brown and Stanhope Templeton Speer. 1836 Switzerland has become the second most important producer of cotton goods in the world. Sir John Bowring reports to the House of Commons that Swiss industry was the most efficient on the Continent. . Transport: Escher-Wyss build the first steamship without assistance from aborad, the Escher-Linth, for service on the Walensee. . Visitors: Henry Wadsworth Longfellow: Konstanz, Schaffhausen, Zurich, Rigi, Altdorf, Andermatt, Furka, Grimsel, Meiringen, Giessbach, Interlaken, Lauterbrunnen, Grindelwald, Thun, Berne, Lausanne, Vevey, Geneva, Chamonix, Lausanne, Brienz, Brünig, Lucerne, Zurich, Schaffhausen. Part of the scene of Hyperion is laid in Switzerland. Other visitors: Honore de Balzac, Fanny W. Hall, Franz Liszt, George Sand, George Ticknor, J.M.W. Turner. . Literature on Switzerland: J. F. Cooper (1789-1851): Gleanings in Europe: Switzerland William Beattie: Switzerland Illustrated in a Series of View Taken expressly for this Work by William Henry Bartlett. (see: picture of Basel) Victoria 1837-1901 1837 Visitors: Prince Albert (the future husband of Queen Victoria) and his brother make a trip through Switzerland. Albert sends the queen a small book containing views of the places he had visited, an alpenrose from the Rigi and a scrap of Voltaire's handwriting from Ferney. The visit includes the full programme: Basel, Moutier, Biel, Ile St. Pierre, Elfenau, Berne, Thun, Interlaken, Brienz, Brünig, Alpnach, Lucerne, Rigi, Brunnen, Fluelen, Andermatt, Furka, Gletsch, Grimsel, Meiringen, Faulhorn, Grindelwald, Lauterbrunnen, Fribourg, Lausanne, Geneva, Chamonix, Martigny, Sion, Brig, Simplon, Domodossola. Other visitors: Henry Martin Atkins ( Ascent to the Summit of Mont Blanc on the 22nd and 23rd of August, 1837), Augusta Becher, Thomas Lovell Beddoes (1803-49), Miss Drinkwater, Henry Herbert, John Murray (see 1838), George Ticknor. . Transport: "Stadt Luzern": First steamboat on the Lake of Lucerne. . Paintings: Robert Burford exhibits a panorama: A View of Mont Blanc. (cf. 1852) (Barker/Burford Panorama, off Leicester Square). 1838 Visitors: Florence Nightingale: Geneva. . Travel Book: John Murray. A Handbook for Travellers in Switzerland, one of the earliest British tourist guides. . Accommodation: Joseph Lauber opens the first Guest House (with three beds) in Zermatt (Hotel Mont Cervin, today Monte Rosa) Hotel Baur au Lac in Zurich opens. (Bernard, p. 100) . Transport: Fast coach services (Eilwagenkurse) Genf - Fribourg - Bern - Zürich ("Transhelvetica") and Bern - Biel - Delémont - Basel ("Vélocifère"). 1839 Accommodation: Lauterbrunnen: Hotel Staubbach. (the main attraction being the spectacular Staubbach Falls rather than the mountains,. the hotel is built at the far end of Lauterbrunnen's main road) 1840 Visitors: Mary (Wollstonecraft) Shelley pays a nostalgic visit to the shores of Lake Geneva. . Sport / Mountaineering: John Ball, first president of the Alpine Club, climbs the Grauhaupt. 1841 Sport / Mountaineering: J. D. Forbes, "the father of British mountaineering", makes the first ascent of the Stockhorn. . Accommodation: Wengneralp: Hotel Jungfrau . Visitors: Michael Faraday (also in 1814, 1835), John Ruskin, J. M. W. Turner . Paintings: J.M.W. Turner: The Pass of Splügen; Mont Righi, morning, Mont Righi, Evening, Lake Lucerne from above Brunnen. 1842 Accommodation: Hôtel des Trois Couronnes established in Vevey in Switzerland Kleine Scheidegg: Hotel Bellevue 1844 Transport: The first railway on Swiss soil from Strasbourg (France) to Basel. . Paintings: J. M. W. Turner: Views of Lucerne and the Rigi, Lake of Zurich, Geneva, Fribourg, Gotthard Pass .. Visitors: Queen Victoria's mother, the Duchess of Kent, makes holidays in Switzerland. Charles Dickens: Domodossola, Simplon, Brig, Sion, Martigny, Lausanne, Fribourg, Basel. Regulars: John Ruskin, J. M. W. Turner Thomas Lovell Beddoes (1803-49) settles in Basel. . Travel Book: Baedeker's Switzerland 1845 Sport / Mountaineering: Stanhope Templeton Speer ascends the Mittelhorn (Berner Oberland) with two Swiss guides. . Visitors: Charles Dickens returns over the Gotthard from a stay in Italy. "The whole descent between Andermatt and Altdorf, William Tell's town, which we passed through yesterday afternoon, is the highest sublimation of all you can imagine in the way of Swiss scenery. O God! What a beautiful country it is! How poor and shrunken, beside it, is Italy in its brightest aspect!" (Wraight, p. 234f) 1846 Visitors: Charles Dickens and his family rent the Villa Rosemont in Lausanne and stay there for several months. Dickens writes Dombey and Son and The Battle of Life there. His visitors: Wilkie Collins, Henry Hallam, Harrison Ainsworth, Alfred Tennyson. 1847 History / Politics: "Sonderbund" War between Conservatives (Catholic cantons: Uri, Schwyz, Unterwalden, Zug, Lucerne, Valais and Fribourg) and Radicals (Protestants). While Metternich is in favour of the conservative cantons, the British government under Lord Palmerston shows sympathy for the radicals. Transport: Zürich-Baden: First Swiss railway line ("Spanisch Brötli Bahn") 1848 History / Politics: The new constitution (Bundesverfassung) gives more authority to the federal government. Neuchâtel omits any reference to the King of Prussia. . Visitors: Matthew Arnold (1822-88) visits Thun and falls in love with Marguerite. 1849 Visitors: George Eliot (Mary Ann Evans, 1819-80) comes over the Simplon and stays for six months in Geneva. Elizabeth Barrett Browning (1806-61) stays at Interlaken. Matthew Arnold (1822-88): Basel, Berne, Thun, Kandersteg, Gemmi, Leukerbad. . Transport: Asphalt tested as pavement for streets at Val de Travers (NE) 1850 Transport: The Swiss Confederation is recognised as the most heavily industrialised country in Europe after Great Britain. Robert Stephenson (1803-59), son of George Stephenson (the inventor of the Rocket) and Harold Swinburne plan the layout of the future Swiss railway network. Olten is to become the central railway junction. Road to Leukerbad. 1851 Visitors: W. M. Thackeray: Basle, Berne, Lucerne, Gotthard, Bellinzona, Locarno. Regulars: John Ruskin, Richard Wagner 1852 Transport: Alfred Escher's party wins against Stämpfli's project of a national railway system: Railway lines are planned and organized by the cantons and private companies: Suisse occidentale, Zentralbahn, Nordostbahn, Vereingte Schweizerbahnen. . Paintings: Robert Burford exhibits a new panorama of Switzerland A View of the Bernees Alps (Barker/Burford Panorama, off Leicester Square). . Visitors: Bernard (p. 96) estimates a 25% increase in visitors since 1844 . Music: Franz Liszt conducts Robert Schumann's Manfred, Dramatic Poem in Three Parts by Lord Byron in Weimar. (see Byron, 1817) 1853 Visitors: W. M. Thackeray (1811-63) writes part of his novel The Newcomes in Vevey. Charles Dickens, Wilkie Collins, Augustus Egg. Thomas Babington Macaulay, , Herbert Spencer, Alfred Wills . Literature on Switzerland: Matthew Arnold : Cycle of lyric pomes on Switzerland. . Accommodation: Kandersteg: "Gasthaus zum Ritter" renamed "Victoria" The English community of Geneva get its own church. . Transport: The Hauenstein tunnel, built by Thomas Brassey, is the longest railway tunnel in Europe. Communication: Electric telegraph between Britain and Switzerland in operation. 1854 Accommodation: Jardin Anglais opened in Geneva. . Sport / Mountaineering: Alfred Wills climbs the Wetterhorn. 1855 Accommodation: Alexander Seiler builds the first hotel in Zermatt (Monte Rosa, 28 rooms). St. Moritz: Johannes Badrutt acquires the Pension Faller, and directs it under the name "Engadiner Kulm Hotel". His continual activity and efforts make him one of Switzerland's leading hotel pioneers. (Running water on every floor, water closets) 1856 Painters: Publication of Volume 4 of John Ruskin's Modern Painters. The book influences British artists to come to Switzerland: William Callow (1812-1908), James Holland (1800-70), Myles Birket Foster (1825-99), Edward Lear (1813-88), William Leighton Leitch (1804-83), William James Muller (1812-45), George Price Boyce (1826-97) . Sport / Mountaineering: Alfred Wills' book Wanderings in the High Alps gives a boost to mountaineering: "I am not ashamed to own that I experienced ,as this sublime and wonderful prospect burst upon my view, a profound and almost irrepressible emotion... We felt as in the more immediate presence of Him who had reared this tremendous pinnacle, and beneath the "majestical roof" of whose deep blue Heaven we stood, poised, as it seemed half-way between the earth and sky." (Wraight, p. 245) British mountaineers: E. L. Ames (Allalinhorn) John Ball (Weisshorn), Robert Chapman (Jungfrau) . Accommodation: Gasthaus Niesen Kulm 1857 History / Politics: The King of Prussia renounces his rights over Neuchatel. . Sport / Mountaineering: Founding of the Alpine Club by E.S. Kennedy and W. and S. Matthews. Revd. J. F. Hardy climbs the Finsteraarhorn, Eustace Anderson the Kleine Schreckhorn. In the period 1852-57 there were 64 successful assaults on Mont Blanc. Only four parties were not British (Bernard, p. 37) . Accommodation: First guesthouse in Mürren: Hotel Silberhorn . Travel Book: John Murray's A Handbook for Travellers in Switzerland, is in its 7th edition (26 000 copies sold). (see 1838) 1858 Sport / Mountaineering: Richard Barrington (with Swiss guide Christian Almer) ascends the Eiger, John Tyndall the Finsteraarhorn, J. Llewelyn Davies the Dom. . Visitors: Matthew Arnold is again in Switzerland ("The Terrace at Berne"). The poet and political writer Wilfrid Scawen Blunt, visiting Zermatt, is nearly killed by an avalanche of stones. Other visitors: George Barnard, Charles Barrington, Thomas George Bonney, Stopford Brooke, Mrs. H. Warwick Cole, Edmund Thomas Coleman, Sir Joseph Fayrer, William Marcet, Edgar Quinet, Andrew Crombie Ramsay, Alexander Rivington, Abraham Roth, John Ruskin, Leslie Stephen, Charles Sumner, John Tyndall, William Warren Vernon, Alfred Wills. 1859 Accommodation: First guesthouse in Wengen: Lauenerhaus provides Accommodation for 30 guests. . Sport / Mountaineering: F. F. Tuckett (Aletschhorn), William Mathews (Eigerjoch) Leslie Stephen (father of Virginia Woolf): Bietschhorn. 1860 History / Politics: Annection of Savoy by France. Although the British foreign minister, Lord Palmerston, is sympathetic to the Swiss case, Savoy goes definitely to France. . Accommodation: Hotel Bellevue (Pilatus) 1861 Sport / Mountaineering: Leslie Stephen (Schreckhorn, Blümlisalp, Alphubel, Oberaarhorn). Edward Whymper makes the first attempt on the Matterhorn. . Visitors: John Ruskin discovers Switzerland in winter: "I have made up my mind that the finest things one can see in summer are nothing compared to winter scenery among the Alps." George Meredith (1825-1909) visits Basel and Zurich. Thackeray visits Chur. 1862 Sport / Mountaineering: A.W. Moore (Jungfraujoch, Fiescherhorn); T. S. Kennedy and William Wigram (Dent Blanche). . Visitors: Fanny Kemble (1809-1893): Zermatt, Visp, Basel, Moutier, Solothurn, Lucerne, Rigi, Thun, Interlaken, Lauterbrunnen, Grindelwald. "Punctually on the first of June, every year, she went to Switzerland" (Henry James) Other visitors: Henry Alford, Hans Christian Andersen, John Barrow, Edward Burne-Jones, Philip Gilbert, Thomas Henry Huxley, Harry Jones, Thomas Kennedy, Andrew Crombie Ramsay, Alexander Rivington, Abraham Roth, John Ruskin, Leslie Stephen, J. A. Symonds, Isaac Taylor, John Tyndall, Edward Whymper, Woolmore Wigram, Charles J. B. Williams, Christopher Wordsworth. 1863 History / Politics: Founding of the International Red Cross in Geneva. Dickens publishes Dunant's work in Britain. . Visitors: George Meredith: Domodossola, Simplon, Geneva. Sir John Dugdale Astley, G. F. Browne, Oscar Browning, Edward North Buxton, Fergus Ferguson, Mrs. E. A. Forbes, Joseph H. Fox, Douglas W. Freshield, James Hannington, Sir William Hardman, Augustus J. C. Hare, Lucy Anne Hare, Frederic Harrison, Rev. Harry Jones, Charles Lowder, Charles Martins, Alexander Rivington, John Ruskin, J. A. Symonds, Francis Fox Tuckett, John Tyndall, Edward Whymper, Woolmore Wigram, Samuel Wilberforce... . Tourism: Thomas Cook's first conducted tour to Switzerland: Paris - Geneva - Sion - Martigny - Leukerbad - Gemmipass - Kandersteg - Lauterbrunnen - Giessbachfall - Grindelwald - Interlaken - Brienz - Brünig - Sarnen - Lucerne - Rigi - Berne - Neuchatel - Lausanne. 21 days inclusive: £19.17.6 . Miss Jemina's Swiss Journal: The First Conducted Tour of Switzerland (an account of one of the 130 participants of Cook's first tour. . Sport / Mountaineering: Founding of the Swiss Alpine Club (SAC). Aletschhorn and Jungfrau climbed by Mr. and Mrs Winkworth (first ascents by an English lady) 1864 winter sports: Johannes Badrutt offers free stays at the Kulm Hotel in St. Moritz. First winter tourists in Switzerland. . Visitors: Mrs. Elizabeth Gaskell writes Mothers and Daughters at Pontresina. Other visitors: Alfred Henry Alston, Howard Payson Arnold, Thomas George Bonney, G. F. Browne, Charles Dehansy, Lady Elisabeth Eastlake, Henry Venn Elliott, Alexander Ewing, Douglas Freshfield, A. G. Girdlestone, Sir George Grove, Sir William Hardman, Frederic Harrison, Rev. Harry Jones, Charles Lowder, Robert McTear, A. W. Moore, Henry Carr Glyn Moule, Marianne North, Herbert Preston-Thomas, William Rossetti, William Smith, Leslie Stephen, J. A. Symonds (engaged to Catherine North), Francis Fox Tucket, Lucy Tuckett, John Tyndall, David Urquhart, Edward Whymper. . Accommodation: Montreux: L'Hôtel du Righi Vaudois 1865 Sport / Mountaineering: Edward Whymper (Matterhorn) with guides from Zermatt (Peter Taugwalder, father and son) and Chamonix (Michel Croz). Four people of his party, Lord Francis Douglas, Revd. Charles Hudson, Mr Hadow and Michel Croz fall to their deaths on their way down. "... For a few seconds we saw our unfortunate companions sliding downwards on their backs, and spreading out their hands, endeavouring to save themselves. They passed from our sight uninjured, disappeared one by one, and fell from precipice to precipice on to the Matterhorngletscher below, a distance of nearly 4000 feet in height. From the moment the rope broke it was impossible to help them." (Wraigth, 255) . Paintings: Elija Walton (1832-80) books of reproductions of his Swiss paintings become popular for the next 20 years. . Visitors: Christina Rossetti makes a long tour through Switzerland: Basel, Lucerne, Fluelen, Altdorf, Andermatt, Gotthard, Bellinzona, Lugano, Como, Splügen, Thusis, Chur, Winterthur, Schaffhausen. . Accommodation: Geneva: Jacques Mayer opens Hotel Beau-Rivage. Montreux / Clarens: L'Hôtel des Crêtes . Transport: Axenstrasse completed. 1867 Travel Literature: Mark Twain on a tour through Europe (but not yet Switzerland) and the eastern Mediterranean, sends his accounts to the San Francisco paper that sponsored his trip. The book The Innocents Abroad or The New Pilgrims Progress. gets sold in over 70,000 copies in the first year, and remains the best-selling of Twain's books throughout his lifetime. 1868 Visitors: Queen Victoria spends a holiday in Lucerne at the Villa Pension Wallace (near Hotel Gütsch). Trip on the top of Mount Pilatus (on her own pony, escorted by her Highland attendants), for her journeys on the lake the steamer "Winkelried" is at her disposal. A number of hotels and tearooms in Switzerland have since been named after her. Gerard Manley Hopkins (1844-89) visits the Valais on a walking holiday in Switzerland from July to August . Accommodation: Davos: Dr. Alexander Spengler builds the "Curhaus", together with a Dutch sea-captain, W. J. Holsboer ( "Kuranstalt Spengler-Holsboer"). The climate of Davos is thought to cure tuberculosis. 1869 Visitors: Queen Victoria's holiday in Switzerland stimulates more Britons. Mürren is now a fashionable place to go: "We did not stay long at Mürren as it was crowded to excess with English people, and there was hardly any acccomodation. It is a strange mania I think which drives crowds of English people to any one place which happens to be the fashion for the time." (George Butler, in Beer, 326) Davos receives its first winter visitor, Arthur William Waters. Other visitors: Samuel Butler, S. H. M. Byers (US Consul), W. A. B. Coolidge, Mountstuart E. Grant Duff, Julius Elliott, William Evill, Joseph H. Fox, A. G. Girdlestone, Asa Gray, John Richard Green, Frances Ridley Havergal, Walter Leaf, Emily Honoria Patmore, Theodore Roosevelt, John Ruskin, Henry Sidgwick, Leslie Stepehen, J. A. Symonds, Alfred Tennyson, Cecil Torr, Thomas A. Trollope, Francis Fox Tuckett, John Tyndall, Cardinal Herbert Vaughan, Charles D. Warner, Philippa H. Watson, Charles J. B. Williams, Yeo J. Burney. 1870 Accommodation: Zermatt: English Church opened. Hotel capacitiy in Zermatt: Monte Rosa (60 beds), Mont Cervin (68) Riffelberg (48), averaging 4000 guests a season (Bernard, p. 102) Mürren: Grand Hotel 1871 Traffic: Rigibahn Vitznau-Rigi (cogwheel, Niklaus Riggenbach). Railway thorugh Mont-Cenis. . Literature on Switzerland / Sport / Mountaineering: Leslie Stephen: The Playground of Europe, a book on mountaineering. Eward Whymper, Scrambles Amongst the Alps in the Years 1860-69 1872 Visitors: Henry James returns to Switzerland. (The opening chapter of Daisy Miller is set in Vevey) . Sport / winter sports: First ice skating competition (St. Moritz) . Accommodation: Mürren: Hotel des Alpes . Transport: Gotthard Tunnel project 1873 Visitors: Joseph Conrad ,on a six-weeks' tour of Switzerland, has his first contact with spoken English in Andermatt, where a group of English engineers are working on the Gotthard tunnel. On the Furka pass he meets "an unforgettable Englishman" with red face, white moustache and knickerbockers, leading a party of tourists. The two episodes determine Conrad to go to England. (Wraight, 264) . Accommodation: Montreux: Hôtel d'Angleterre (48 beds) 1874 First major revision of the national constitution (Revision der Bundesverfassung) Gambling forbidden (closure of casinos in Saxon, Lucerne, Interlaken, Montreux, Baden) . Accommodation: Montreux: Le Grand-Hôtel des Avants Flüelen: Hotel Urnerhof am See 1875 Transport: Rigibahn: Arth-Rigi. In this season the Rigi Railway carries almost 110,000 passengers. It becomes the most successful mountain railway and makes its inventor, the Swiss engineer, Niklaus Riggenbach, world famous. . Paintings: The painter Edward Compton becomes a specialist in Alpine scenes (Bernese Oberland) . Visitors: Walter Pater calls the Alpine lakes "horrid pots of blue paint" . Accommodation: St. John's Church in Terittet, Montreux Hotel Saratz in Pontresina. 1877 Transport: Ouchy-Lausanne: Funicular (Geschichte der Seilbahnen in der Schweiz) . Sport / winter sports: First (natural) ice rink at Davos 1878 First electric light in Switzerland (St. Moritz) . Visitors: Mark Twain Leaving his family in Germany, Twain goes with his friend Joe Twichell ("Harris") on a trip to Switzerland. Basel, Lucerne, Rigi, Sarnen, Brünig, Brienz, Interlaken, Kandersteg, Gemmi, Leuk, Visp, Zermatt, Sion, Martigny, Chamonix, Geneva. cf. A Tramp Abroad, ch. 25 - 48 Robert Browning (1812-89) stays with his sister at the summit of the Splügen pass, working on his Dramatic Idylls. Other visitors: Squire Bancroft, Thomas George Bonney, Eduard Burne-Jones, Samuel Butler, Martin Conway, Joel Cook, Clinton T. Dent, Newman Hall, Kirkwood Hewat, Luther L. Holden, John Richardson Illingworth, Fanny Kemble, Walter Macfarren, Sir Horace Rumbold, J. A. Symonds, Peter Iljitsch Tchaikovsky (working on his Violin Concerto and Don Juan's Serenade in Geneva, Lausanne and Zurich) . Literature on Switzerland: J. A. Symonds: "Davos in Switzerland" 1879 Sport / winter sports: John Addington Symonds and Chistian Buol build a toboggan run in Davos. . New Tellskapelle (Tell's chapel) erected, (with fresco paintings by Ernst Stückelberger) .1880 Visitors: Robert Louis Stevenson spends the first of several winters at Davos, finishing Treasure Island. (Hotel Belvedere). Matthew Arnold, Pontresina: "Mme Saratz knew my works perfectly well, and said she should give me the room she had given to Tennyson." . Sport / winter sports: First Curling match on the continent in St. Moritz. The St. Moritz Curling Club is founded. . Accommodation: "Pension Wengen", a comfortably furnished hotel to accommodate nearly 100 guests. The hotel has its own power station. The Lauener family owns four hotels, including the Hotels Silberhorn and Alpenrose. They also build a chapel.. . Literature on Switzerland: Mark Twain: A Tramp Abroad (on Switzerland: ch. 25ff) 1881 Sport / Mountaineering: William Martin Conway (1856-1937) publishes The Zermatt Pocket Guide, the first climbing guide. Theodore Roosevelt climbs the Matterhorn. .. Sport / winter sports: Gerald Fox introduces skiing into Grindelwald.   Accomodation: Pension Willy (later on Hotel Palazzo Salis) .. Visitors: Alphonse Daudet: Basel, Berne, Thun, Interlaken, Grindelwald, Lucerne, Rigi, Fluelen. (see also 1884) Squire Bancroft, Thomas George Bonney, Thomas Edward Brown, George Butler, Martin Conway, Emily Hornby, Hugh Price Hughes, C. A. Jones, Benjamin E. Kennedy, David R. Locke, A. F. Mummery, Lady Robertson Nicoll, Andrew Crombie Ramsay, Theodore Roosevelt (picture), Samuel Smiles, R. L. Stevenson, J. A. Symonds, Richard Denny Urlin, Constance Fenimore Woolson... 1882 Transport: Gotthardbahn completed (Louis Favre). . Sport / winter sports: First European ice skating Championships in St. Moritz 1883 Visitors: The Salvation army "invades" Switzerland. Miss Booth, the daughter of the founder is imprisoned in Neuchatel and then expelled from the country. . Transport: First sleeping cars in trains (Orient Express) . Sport / winter sports: Davos Tobogganing Club founded. 1884 Literature Johanna Spyri's (1829-1901) Heidi published in English. Aubrey de Vere (1814-1902) To A Mountain in Switzerland . Visitors: Alphonse Daudet: Geneva, Chamonix, Montreux. Most of Tartarin sur les Alpes is written at Montreux. Squire Bancroft, Robert Browning, Viscount James Bryce, George Butler, John Ellerton, W. Warde Fowler, Mrs. W. Greg, Newman Hall, Augustus J. C. Hare, General Oliver Howard, Walter Larden, Mrs. Elizabeth Main, J. A. Symonds, Duchess of Teck, Richard Denny Urlin . Accommodation: Maloja: Hotel Maloja Palace opened Zermatt: Alexander Seiler's Hotel Riffelalp completed. Altitude: 2300 m. above sea l., 200 beds (280 by 1898) 1885 Sport / winter sports: British sportsmen organise the Cresta Run in St. Moritz. Johannes Badrutt, hotelier of St. Moritz, imports curling into Switzerland. 1886 The proprietor of the Schweizerhof Hotel at Neuhausen am Rheinfall builds a small English church for his English and American guests. . Literature Alphonse Daudet: Tartarin sur les Alpes.   Visitors: J. A. Symonds in Soglio 1888 Decree against Salvation Army issued in Berne. 1889 Transport: Pilatus-Bahn (cogwheel) 1890 Transport: Rhätische Bahn: Landquart-Davos BOB (Berner Oberalp Bahn) inaugurated as a steam railway Construction of Wengnernalpbahn (Wengnernalp Mountain Railway) . Sport / winter sports: Edward Knocker introduces skiing into Meiringen. Wilson Smith introduces the bob-sleigh into St. Moritz. 1891 Charles Eugen Brown and Walter Boveri found Brown Boveri & Co in Baden. Visitors: James William Sullivan visits the social democrat Karl Bürkli in Zurich (see 1893). . Literature: J. A. Symonds: Swiss Athletic Sport . Transport: Opening of Visp-Zermatt-Bahn (for summer) Brienz-Rothorn railway BLB (Lauterbrunnen-Mürren) inaugurated . Sport / winter sports: summer sports: St. Moritz Golf Club founded. . Accommodation: Alexander Seiler dies (owner of the hotels Mont Cervin, Riffelalp, Riffelberg and Zermatterhof in Zermatt) 1892 Accommodation: Montana-Crans: Grand Hôtel de Crans (soon renamed Hôtel du Parc) . Literature: J. A. Symonds, Our Life in the Swiss Highlands 1893 Transport: Stans-Stanserhornbahn Wengnernalpbahn (Wengnernalp Mountain Railway) completed . Visitors: Munro, Hector (Saki): Davos. (short story: Fur) Sir Arthur Conan Doyle.: Leuk, Gemmi, Kandersteg, Meiringen, Davos. Conan Doyle uses the Reichenbach Falls to finish off Sherlock Holmes by making him fall down during a fight with Moriarty. Mary Adelaide, Duchess of Teck. Basel, Zurich, Chur, Thusis, Julier, St. Moritz, Maloja, Albula. The newly discovered glacier-mills on the Maloja Pass are named the "Princess Mary Adelaide mills" in her honour.. James William Sullivan: Direct Legislation by the Citizenship Through the Initiative and Referendum (The pamphlet influences Hiram Johnson in California and William U'Ren in Oregon, cf. A. Gross) 1894 Visitors: Winston Churchill and L. S. Amery on holidays in the Valais. Amery writes "Among those in whom our fame kindled the flame of ambition - short lived in this direction at least - was our old school fellow Winston Churchill who, in spite of our efforts to dissuade him from what we urged was a long and tiresome trudge unworthy of his prowess, insisted on climbing Monte Rosa because it was actually the highest moutain in Switzerland." (Wraight, p. 276) Sir Arthur Conan Doyle. Davos, Arosa, Maloja. Conan Doyle lays out the golf links at Davos. 1895 Tell-Denkmal (Tell Monument by Richard Kissling) erected at Altdorf. 1896 Transport: Jungfraujochbahn: Building starts (Adolf Guyer); tramway in St. Moritz 1896 Sport / winter sports: British sportsmen at St. Moritz play Davos at cricket on skates. 1897 Visitors: Mark Twain: Lucerne, Weggis (Pension Bühler). "I would as soon spend my life in Weggis as anywhere in the geography" (Beer, p.321) Thomas Hardy (1840-1928) visits Switzerland. Sonnets "Lausanne, In Gibbon's Old Garden" and "To the Matterhorn", about Whymper's triumph and tragedy (see 1865). William Carlos Williams (1883-1963) studies for 2 years at Château de Lancy (Geneva) 1898 History / Politics: Assassination of Emperess Elizabeth (Sissi) in Montreux (while waiting for the steamer to return to Territet) . Transport: Nationalization of the main railway lines. Gornergratbahn (Zermatt) transports 10.590 passengers in its first (summer) season. 1898 Sport / winter sports: First bob-sleigh race held in St. Moritz, won by Lord Hemsley. . Visitors: Oscar Wilde in Geneva and Gland: "I don't like Switzerland. It has produced nothing but theologians and waiters." 1899 The Boer War leads to anti-British feelings in Switzerland. . Literature on Switzerland: Hardwicke Drummond Rawnsley: Sonnets in Switzerland and Italy . Accommodation: Montana: Sanatorium Beauregard and Sanatorium le Clairmont . Transport: Zurich: Tramway fully electrified Edward VII 1901-1910 1902 Accommodation: Villa Cassel (Riederalp) . Winter sports: Tour operator Sir Henry Lunn popularises winter sports in the Bernese Oberland. Adelboden is opened for one of his winter tours. .. Visitors: Benito Mussolini is arrested in Lausanne for vagrancy. 1903 Winter sports: E.C. Richardson founds the Ski Club of Great Britain and the Davos English Ski Club. . Visitors / Residents: Anglican Churches as indicators of the most fashionable places for British tourists: By 1903, there are English churches at: Arolla, Adelboden, Andermatt, Les Avants, Ballaigues, Beatenberg, Bex, Champery, Chandolin, Chateau d'Oex, Clarens, Davos, Les Diablerets, Eggishorn, Gletsch, Glion, Grindelwald, Interlaken, Leukerbad, Leysin, Locarno, Lucerne, Maloja (1888) Montreux, Neuchatel, Pully, Riffelalp, Saas-Fee, Samedan, Schinznach, St. Moritz (1871), Tarasp, Thun, Verbier, Vevey, Villars, Wengen and Zermatt. . Music: Geneva's concert hall (Victoria Hall) is given to the city by Daniel Barton, a former British consul. . Transport: Albulatunnel (Grisons) 1904 Winter sports: The first ski book written in English: Ski-Running, by Crichton Somerville, W.R. Richardson and E.C. Richardson . Visitors: James Joyce spends a week in Zurich Lenin visits Geneva, Berne, Meiringen. Benito Mussolini is arrested for carrying a falsified passport. 1905 Winter sports: Sir Henry Lunn forms the Public Schools Alpine Sports Club to popularize winter sports. The Club secures securing winter use of the major hotels in Adelboden, Montana, Villars, Beatenberg, Wengen, Murren, Engelberg, Maloja and Morgins. St Moritz: Ski Club announces proficiency test: Members are expected to perform a Telemark swing, a Christiana swing, a stem turn. (Bernard, p. 160) . Travel books: E. Lamprell, A Fortnight in Switzerland for Five Guineas (for cheap travelling) . Accommodation: Montana: Sir Henry Lunn's company ("Alpine Sports Ltd.") buys the sanatorium le Beauregard and changes it into the hotel Palace-Bellevue St Moritz: Grand Hotel opened. 1906 Transport: Simplon railway opened (The Simplon Tunnel remains with 19,803 m the world's longest tunnel till 1985) Postcars (automobiles) used for public transport in Berne. Niesenbahn (mountain railway) completed . Accommodation: Grand Hotel du Golf, Montana: . Sport: Sir Arnold Lunn introduces Golf in Montana Crans. 1907 Winter sports: 1st horse race on the frozen lake of St. Moritz (Skijöring). Ladies Ski Club of Great Britain founded by Mrs. Aubry Le Blond . Transport: Railway Aigle - Ollon - Monthey 1908 Visitors: Arnold Bennett (1876-1931) visits Vevey and comments: "Really the scene is enchantingly beautiful" Frederic Harrison: My Alpine Jubilee "I hold, with Rousseau, Byron and Ruskin, that the highest and deepest charm the Alps can give is found in their combination of glories, as often as not in the lakes, their wooded valleys, their upland pastures - nay, even in their villages and towns - with their long record of memorable things in literature, science, history and art." (Wraight, p. 288) . Accommodation: Flüelen: Gasthof Adler (1934: "Urnerhof") 1909 Winter sports: Sir Henry Lunn opens up Mürren as a winter sports resort by organising tours. Mountaineering: W.A.M. Moore crosses the Col de la Dent Blanche and the Col d'Hérens from Zinal to Zermatt on ski. 1910 Residents: The number of British residents in Switzerland amounts to 11,000 Visitors: Arnold Bennett in Lausanne (Clayhanger) Llewelyn Powys (1884-1939) at Davos . Winter sports: Vivian Caulfield: How to Ski . Transport: Bernina railway (Berninabahn) opened Martigny-Orsières railway opened . Literature: Francis William Bourdillon (1852-1921): Ode In Defence of the Matterhorn against the proposed Railway to its Summit. George V 1910-1936 1911 Winter sports: British skiers (Arnold Lunn) organise the first downhill ski race for the Kandahar Challenge Cup at Montana. A Curling club is formed in Wengen. . Visitors: Thomas Alva Edison: Bad Pfäfers 1912 Transport: First non-stop flight from Paris to London. The Titanic sinks on its maiden voyage. Jungfraujochbahn completed ("Top of Europe", 3457 m) Sierre-Montana-Vermala-railway opened Communication: Anglo-Swiss Telephone service . Accommodation: Mürren: Henry Lunn ("Alpine Sports Ltd") acquires the "Grand Hotel des Alpes" in 1912 and run it as the Hotel Palace. Anton Sebastian Bon (1854.1915) and Major Goldman build the Suvretta House hotel in St. Moritz. A survey shows that there are 12,640 hotels in Switzerland, with a total of 384,744 beds (Bernard, p. 169) . Visitors: Number of British tourists in Lucerne during the summer season: over 20,000. "The Swiss tourism infrastructure, which already catered for an extended summer visitor season with a large number of `health stations', was converted into winter use. In 1880 the bed count stood at 43,850. The number had doubled by 1894 and in 1912 reached 168,625, the year an expected 18,000 British would visit the Alps for winter sporting." (E. J. B. Allen,The British and the modernisation of skiing: History Today) 13 villages placed weekly snow reports in the Times. . Winter sports: An association of British members of the Swiss Alpine Club founded. Britannia Club Hut (above Saas Fee) 1913 Transport: Lötschbergbahn completed. The railway net in Graubünden (Rhätische Bahn) is completed. . Visitors: D.H. Lawrence (1885-1930): "I walked all the way from Schaffhausen to Zurich, Lucerne, over the Gotthard to Airolo, Bellinzona, Lugano, Como. It was beautiful - Switzerland too touristy, hovever - spoilt." (Beer, p. 444) (Twilight in Italy:, ch. 3 and 4: Italians in Exile: "There is something very dead about this country. I remember I picked apples from the grass by the roadside, and some were very sweet. But for the rest, there was mile after mile of dead, uninspired country&emdash;uninspired, so neutral and ordinary that it was almost destructive." The Return Journey: "... I went on to a detestable brutal inn in the town. And the next day I climbed over the back of the detestable Rigi, with its vile hotel, to come to Lucerne. ") 1914 History / Politics: The assassination of Archduke Francis Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary in Sarajewo leads to World War I. . Transport: Furkabahn Brig-Gletsch completed. . Accommodation: Montana: Hôtel d'Angleterre 1915 History / Politics: Lenin and Trotzky organize the Third International at Zimmerwald. Five British journalists are taken for spies and arrested. Four are released, James Elroy Flecker (1884-1915) dies in Davos. James Joyce (1882-1941) arrives in Zurich, he stays till 1919 and returns several times in the 1930ies. the fifth expelled. . Transport: Leuk-Leukerbadbahn (railway), till 1967 . Music: Richard Strauss, Alpensymphonie (Alpine Symphony), op. 64 1916 Literature: Tristan Tzara discovers the word "Dada" at the Cafe de la Terrasse in Zurich. . Visitors: 1,800 British prisoners of war from Germany arrive in Switzerland for internment until the end of the war. They are put up by the Red Cross in hotels and camps in Mürren, Interlaken, Chateau d'Oex, Leysin. 1918 History / Politics: Repatriation of POWs completed. Vorarlberg would like to join Switzerland. 1919 History / Politics: Treaty of Versailles ends World War I. . Visitors: Woodrow Wilson becomes honorary citizen of Lausanne. . Transport: The Simplon Orient Express starts running daily from Calais and Paris Gare de Lyon to Lausanne, Brig, Simplon, Milan, Venice, Belgrade, Sofia and Istanbul, with a portion for Athens. 1920 History / Politics: League of Nations (Völkerbund) in Geneva 1921 Visitors: T.S. Eliot (1880-1965) comes to Lausanne. The Waste Land ("What the Thunder Said") refers frequently to mountains. Later in the year he spends some time in Lugano. 1922 Transport: First electrified railway line: Chiasso - Luzern Ad Astra Aero: regular flights beetween Zurich, Neuchatel and Geneva. . Visitors: Ernest Hemingway (1899 - 1961) spends 4 months in a cheap pension (Pension de la Forêt) at Montreux-Chamby. A Moveable Feast, ch. 1: "Now that the bad weather had come, we could leave Paris for a while for a place where this rain would be snow coming down through the pines and covering the road and the high hillsides and at an altitude where we would hear it creak as we walked home at night. Below Les Avants there was a chalet where the pension was wonderful and where we would be together and have our books and at night be warm in bed together with the windows open and the stars bright. That was where we could go. Traveling third class on the train was not expensive. The pension cost very little more than we spent in Paris. " 1923 Mountaineering: Three British mountaineers, George Finch, P.G. Forster and R.H. Pero, ascend the north face of the Dent d'Herens without guide. 1924 Winter sports: Arnold Lunn, Walter Amstutz, Willy Richardet and Fritz Ammacher ascent the Eiger on skis. Kandahar Ski Club founded in Mürren. Swiss Unversity Ski Club in Berne. F. S. Edlin creates "The Parsenn Derby", a ski marathon. 1925 History / Politics: Hitler founds Nazi party in Germany. . Transport: Glacier-Express Zermatt - Disentis (summer season only) Balair flies Basel - Freiburg (D) - Mannheim . Winter sports: Walter Amstutz and Arnold Lunn organise Anglo-Swiss university ski races. 1927 Two English girls' public schools founded: St George's College at Montana-Clarens, Chatelard School at Les Avants (Montreux) . Transport: Engelberg: Luftseilbahn Gerschnialp - Trübsee (Geschichte der Seilbahnen in der Schweiz) . Visitors: William Carlos Williams (1883-1963) . Winter sports: First Winter Season in Zermatt. 1928 Winter sports: St. Moritz hosts the Olympic Winter Games. Colonel Sir Harold Mitchell (1900-83) wins the first Inferno Ski Race from the top of the Schilthorn to Lauterbrunnen. Miss Maud Cairney makes the first winter ascent of the Gabelhorn on ski (with two guides) . Visitors: D.H. Lawrence (1885-1930): Les Diablerets, Gsteig. 1929 Visitors: 35% of all Swiss earnings from tourism are estimated to come from British visitors. . Sport / Winter sports: Opening of the 1st ski school of Switzerland. . Transport: Plan to build a link between German and Italian motorways (Gotthard Tunnel) 1930 Transport: Corvigliabahn in St. Moritz Luftseilbahn Beckenried - Klewenalp (Geschichte der Seilbahnen in der Schweiz) 1931 Visitors: Lord Baden-Powell: First World Rover Moot in Kandersteg. Residents: Bryher (Annie Winfried Ellerman, 1894-1983) starts to live at Kenwin, a Bauhaus villa at Montreux, together with Kenneth Macpherson, with her lesbian friend H.D. (Hilda Doolittle,1886-1961), the imagist poet, and her daughter Perdita. They attract a circle of friends (among them William Walton, the Sitwells, D.H. Lawrence, T.S. Eliot, Ezra Pound, Gertrude Stein, Elisabeth Berger, G.W. Pabst and Sergei Eisenstein) F. Scott Fizgerald (1896 - 1940) stays in various hotels around Montreux and Lausanne while his wife Zelda is in a clinic in Prangins (cf. Tender Is the Night, 1934) He writes short stories to be able to pay for her treatment. (One Trip Abroad) . Film: Kenneth Macpherson, Borderline . Transport: Ad Astra Aero and Balair become Swissair 1932 Transport: Davos-Parsenn-Bahn (Geschichte der Seilbahnen in der Schweiz) 1933 Visitors: Due to recession and inflation, tourism goes down, railways, steamers and hotels lower their prices. 1934 Winter sports: Davos: Opening of ice rink. Skilift Bolgen is the first T-bar skilift (Bügellift) (Geschichte der Seilbahnen in der Schweiz), followed by more than a hundred ski-lifts within a year. World Skiing Championships in St. Moritz. 1935 Transport: Air service to London by Swissair. Return fare London-Basel for £ 12.15s, London-Zurich £13,16s Eduard VIII 1936 1936 History / Politics: Edward VIII abdicates after 325 days (because of his relationship with Mrs Wallis Simpson). his younger brother becomes George VI George VI 1936-1952 1937 History / Politics: Neville Chamberlain (Conservative) Prime Minister (till 1940). German bombers under Franco attack civilians in Guernica in The Spanish Civil War. 1938 Transport: Two direct air services between London-Basel and Zurich, taking 3,5 hours to Basel. Cross-Channel and rail rout London-Basel takes 13 hours. .. Visitors: Thorton Wilder (1897-1975) writes Our Town in Zurich Having helped over 100 friends to flee from Germany, Bryher leaves for England and stays there till the war is over, because she fears that Switzerland will be invaded by the Germans. 1939 History / Politics: Nazi-Soviet Nonaggression Pact. Germany invades Poland. Beginning of Wold War II. Switzerland declares neutrality. 1940 History / Politics: Battle of Britain, London Blitz Sir Winston Churchill Prime Minister (Conservative Party) till 1945 .. Visitors: James Joyce (1882-1941) spends the last year of his life in Zurich (and is buried there) 1941 History / Politics: After bombs were dropped on Zurich and Basel, the Swiss government protests to the British government. 1943 Visitors: Following the fall of Mussolini, there are mass escapes of prisoners of war from Italian prison camps trying to reach Switzerland via the mountain passes into the Valais. 1944 History / Politics: Russians break the siege of Leningrad. The Allies land in Normandy (June 6th: D-Day) 1945 History / Politics: Clement Richard Attlee Prime Minister (Labour) till 1951. U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt dies. Mussolini killed. Germany surrenders. US President Harry S. Truman authorizes the dropping of the atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Yalta Conference. Beginning of Cold War 1946 Zurich: Winston Churchill's Speech "The Tragedy of Europe". . Music: Sir Malcolm Sargent opens the Lucerne Festival with performances of Edward Elgar, Gustav Holst and Benjamin Britten. At Glynebourne Opera House Ernest Ansermet (1883-1969) conducts the first English performance of Britten's The Rape of Lucretia. . Visitors: Churchill spends several weeks on holiday in a villa on the Lake of Geneva. Field Marshall Lord Montgomery. 1947 Visitors: British tourists begin to come again. (appr. 200,000) Charles Grave: Switzerland Revisited 1948 Anglo-Swiss Society founded in London. . Film: In Carol Leed's The Third Man, Graham Greene lets Harry Lime (Orson Wells) say: ""In Italy for 30 years the Borgias, they had warfare, terror, murder, bloodshed. They produced Michelangelo, Leonardo Da Vinci and the Renaissance. In Switzerland they had brotherly love, five hundred years of democracy and peace. And what did that produce. The cuckoo clock." . Winter Sports: St. Moritz hosts its second Olympic Winter Game 1950 Travel books: Monk Gibbon. Swiss Enchantment 1951 History / Politics: Sir Winston Churchill Prime Minister (Conservative Party) till 1955 . Transport: Saas Fee can be reached by car. Elizabeth II 1952 -   1953 History / Politics: General Dwight D. Eisenhower is elected president of the United States (remains till 1961). Death of Stalin. Sir Edmund Hillary and Tenzing Norgay conquer Everest. .. Music: Michael Tippet's "Ritual Dances" from The Midsummer Marriage first performed in Basel, Basel Kammerorchester conducted by Paul Sacher. Residents: Charles Chaplin (1889-1977) moves to Montreux (Manoir de Ban). . Visitors: Kandersteg: World Rover Moot 1955 Sir Winston Churchill resigns. Anthony Robert Eden (Conservative Party) till 1957. Sputnik launched. Webmaster born. . 5 Music: Benjamin Britten (1913-1976) writes Alpine Suite (for recorder trio) while on a skiing holiday with friends in Zermatt. 1956 History / Politics: Hungarian Revolt. . 5 Transport: TEE (Trans European Express) trains . Travel Books: Switzerland on £25 shows how to spend ten days in reasonable comfort. 1957 History / Politics: Suez Crisis. Eden resigns Maurice Harold MacMillan (Conservative Party) PM till 1963. Succeeded by Sir Alec Douglas Home (Conservative Party, till 1965) . Music: Yehudi Menuhin begins his annual summer music festival in Saanen near Gstaad. 1958 Nikita Khrushchev General Secretary of the USSR Noel Coward (1899-1973) moves to Montreux (Les Avants) . Prof. Rudolf Stamm founds the Swiss-British Society in Berne. 1960 Music: Benjamin Britten (1913-1976) is commissioned to write a cantata in honour of the 500th aniverary of the University's foundation. . Visitors: Vladimir Nabokov (1899-1977) comes to live in Montreux. Charles Lindbergh (1902-1974) builds a chalet at Corsier. . Transport: Construction of motorways (Nationalstrassen) accepted by vote in Switzerland 1961 History / Politics: John F. Kennedy president of the US. Us attack at the Bay of Pigs in Cuba fails: Cuba Crisis (1961-62). The Berlin wall is built. Yuri Gagarin first man in space. Visitors: H.D. (see also 1931) dies at the Klinik Hirlanden (Zurich). 1962 Prof. Rudolf Stamm founds the Swiss-British Society in Basel. 1963 History / Politics: Harold Wilson (Labour Party) Prime Minister. (till 1976) "March on Washington" by the Civil Rights Movement. John F. Kennedy killed in Dallas, Texas; followed by Lyndon B. Johnson (till 69). Escalation of the war in Vietnam. .. Film: The ski-station on the summit of the Schilthorn is chosen as the main setting for the James-Bond-film On Her Majesty's Secret Service. 1965 History / Politics: Capital punishment abolished in Britain. First anti-Vietnam war march in Washington 1967 Music: Rolling Stones in Zurich (rioting fans) First Montreux Jazz Festival 1968 Assassination of Martin Luther King in Memphis. Vietnam War: Massacre in My Lai. Prague Spring; Soviet invasion of Czechoslovakia. Revolution in Paris. 1969 Richard M. Nixon president of the US. Neil Armstrong the first man on the moon. .. Visitors: Theodor W. Adorno (1903-1969) dies in Visp. 1970 Harold Wilson (Labour) resigns as Prime Minister. Edward Heath (Conservative Party) till 1974, succeeded by Harold Wilson (Labour). Visitors: Timothy Leary gets asylum in Switzerland (Montana) - extradited in 1974. 1971 State visit: Edward Heath addresses a big audience in Zurich, commemorating the 25th anniversary of Winston Churchill's speech on European unity. 1972 History / Politics: Watergate scandal in US 1973 History / Politics: cease-fire in Vietnam 1974 History / Politics: Harold Wilson (Labour) Prime Minister till 1976. Nixon (impeached for covering up Watergate) abdicates. Gerald Ford (till 1977) 1976 History / Politics: Wilson unexpectedly resigns; Callaghan succeeds him as PM (till 1979) 1978 Film: Charles Chaplin dies in his home in Lausanne. . Residents: After Queen's concert at the Montreux Jazz Festival Freddie Mercury (1946-91) buys an appartment at Territet (Montreux). 1979 History / Politics: Margareth Thatcher ("Iron Lady") Conservative Prime Minister (till 1990) 1980 Visitors: State visit by Queen Elizabeth and the Duke of Edinburgh. Residents: The cosmopolitan actor and writer Sir Peter Ustinov (1921 - ) settles in Bursins (on the Lake of Geneva) . Transport: Gotthard Motorway Tunnel opened.. . Literature on Switzerland: Graham Green: Dr Fischer of Geneva or the Bomb Party (novel) 1981 History / Politics: Ronald Reagan elected as 40th US president (till 1989) 1982 History / Politics: Falklands War . Transport: Furkatunnel enables Glacier Express Zermatt-Disentis-Chur in the winter season. . Residents: David Bowie (1947-) moves to Lausanne. Patricia Highsmith moves to Locarno. 1984 Transport: Metro Alpin ( high-mountain underground railway) Saas Fee. 1985 Michael Gorbachov General Secretary in USSR . Winter sports: St. Moritz: 1st polo tournament on the frozen lake. 1986 Winter sports: First Swiss Snowboarding Championship in Davos. 1989 History / Politics: George Bush 41st American president (till 1993). Berlin Wall comes down. Ayatollah Khomeini pronounces Fatwa (death sentence) for Salman Rushdie. 1990 History / Politics: John Mayor Conservative Prime Minister (till 1997). Iraqi troops invade Kuwait. Gulf War 1991 History / Politics: Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty signed in Moscow. Boris Yeltzin elected as President of Russia. End of Cold War. The USSR dissolved into 15 nations. Gorbachev resigns as head of CP . Graham Greene dies in Vevey, where he has lived for the last ten years. 1993 History / Politics: Bill Clinton 42nd American president (till 2001) 1994 Music: Ralph Williams-Morgan (b. 1934) Alpine Symphony 1995 Patricia Highsmith dies in Locarno, where she has spent her last years. She leaves over 250 unpublished texts to the Swiss Literary Archives. 1997 History / Politics: Antony Blair (Labour) PM 1997 Music: Don Robertson: Alpine Symphony 2001 George W. Bush elected as 43rd president of the US.
	till 1789 / The Romantics (1789 - 1837) / The Victorians (1837 - 1901) / 20th century Bibliography: Black, Jeremy. The British Abroad. The Grand Tour in the Eighteenth Century. New York 1992 de Beer, G. R. Travellers in Switzerland. London 1949 Bernard, Paul B. Rush to the Alps. New York 1978. Jud, Markus. Geschichte der Schweiz, Verkehr [http://www.geschichte-schweiz.ch/verkehr.html] Wraight, John. The Swiss and the British. Salisbury: Russell:1987 course programme (provisional)
	other timelines: American History: Colonial America / 1789 - 1901 / 1901 - 2003 British History: History of Great Britain
	Last changes: 2013