SS 2004 George
III 1789 History
/ Politics: . Travel
Books: . Visitors: . Accommodation: 1790 Visitors: 1791 Visitors: 1791 Sport
/ Mountaineering: 1792 Visitors: . William
Gilpin (1724-1804): Three Essays:
On
Picturesque
Beauty;
On Picturesque Travel; and On Sketching
Landscape 1793 Visitors: . Albrecht
von Haller's Die Alpen published in
London (translated by Mrs. Howorth). 1794 Visitors: 1796 Paintings: 1797 Napoleon
in Basel 1798 France
invades Switzerland. Switzerland gets
reorganized as "Helvetic Republic"
("Republique Helvetique") . Transport: . Travel
Book: 1799 Neuchâtel
remains neutral and takes up refugees from
France. Victory of the French troops over
General Korsakov's Russian forces at the
2nd Battle of Zurich. . Literature
on Switzerland: 1802 The
Federalists under Alois Reding regain
power in Berne. . Visitors: . Painters: . Literature: 1803 Swiss
delegates accept Napoleon's Act of
Mediation, replacing the Helvetic Republic
by a Swiss Confederation of 19 cantons (6
new cantons) 1804 Napoleon
crowns himself as Emperor of
France. . Literature
on Switzerland: 1805 Battle
of Trafalgar: Nelson destroys the French
fleet; Napoleon wins the battle Of
Austerlitz. . Entertainment: . Transport: . Willam
Wordsworth: Prelude
(Book 6: The Alps) 1806 Bergsturz
Arth-Goldau
landslide costs 457 lives. . James
Montgomery
(1771-1854): "The Wanderer of
Switzerland" 1807 Willam
Wordsworth: "Thought
of a Briton on the Subjugation of
Switzerland." 1808 Entertainment: 1810 Napoleon
imposes a blockade of Switzerland,
considering it as the heart of English
smuggling in Europe. The Valais is annexed
and Napoleon's troops occupy the Ticino
and the Alpine passes. 1811 The
brothers Meyer ascend Jungfrau and
Finsteraarhorn. 1814 Visitors: 1815 Switzerland
gets its perpetual neutrality guaranteed
at the Congress of Vienna. The
confederation consits now of 22 cantons
(Geneva, Valais and Neuchâtel as new
cantons). 1816 Visitors: . Mary
Shelley: Frankenstein. .. Accommodation: 1817 Visitors: . Literature
on Switzerland: 1818 Transport: . Travel
Books: . Visitors: 1819 Travel
Books: George
IV 1820 Paintings: . Visitors: 1821 Mountaineering: 1823 Visitors: . Rodolphe
Töpffer
starts a school of his own at Geneva for
boys of every nationality. Each summer the
holidays take the form of a walking tour
in the alps to which he writes and
illustrate an account. 1824 Transport: . Literature
on Switzerland: 1825 Visitors: . Paintings: . Literature
on Switzerland: 1826 Transport: . Visitors: 1827 Visitors: 1828 Visitors: . Sir
Walter Scott: Anne of Geierstein (a
"Swiss" novel, describing the battles of
Buttisholz, Grandson and
Murten) 1830 Accommodation: . Transport:
Gotthard can be crossed by
coach . Mountaineering: William
IV 1832 Fights
against the industrialisation of
Switzerland: Maschinensturm in Uster
(Anti-Machine riot by weavers) . Visitors: . Travel
Book: . Accommodation: 1833 Basel:
Civil war between Basel Stadt and
Land Paintings: .. Visitors: .. Accommodation: 1834 Accommodation: 1835 Transport: 1835 Tourism: . Visitors: . Mountaineering: 1836 Switzerland
has become the second most important
producer of cotton goods in the world. Sir
John Bowring reports to the House of
Commons that Swiss industry was the most
efficient on the Continent. . Transport: . Visitors: . Literature
on Switzerland: 1837 "Stadt
Luzern" is the first steam boat on the
Lake of Lucerne. other
timelines:
Department of English, University of Basel
Literature and Culture Studies: Seminar M.
Marti
British and American Visitors in Switzerland:
History of Tourism in Switzerland
till
1789
/ The Romantics (1789 - 1837) /
The
Victorians
(1837 - 1901) / 20th
century
course
programme
(provisional)
1760-1820
French
Revolution.
(cf. Impacts
on
Britain)
Declaration of the Rights
of Man.
(Déclaration
des droits de l'homme).
Coxe, William. Travels in
Switzerland. (after visits in 1776,
1779, 1785 and 1786)
Heinrich Heidegger, Zürich:
Handbuch für Wanderer durch die
Schweiz
Prince Edward, Duke of Kent, completes his
education for three years in Geneva.
Visits Sir Philip de Loutherbourg in Biel,
joins the Masonic Lodge of
Geneva.
The first guesthouse at Kandersteg:
Gasthof "zum Ritter"
William
Wordsworth
(1770-1850) makes his first extended visit
to Switzerland during a summer holiday
(cf. Prelude,
Book VI). The places he visits are:
Geneva, Lausanne, Martigny, Chamonix,
Martigny, Sion, Brig, Simplon,
Domodossola, Como, San Bernardino, Thusis,
Reichenau, Disentis, Oberalp, Andermatt,
Altdorf, Lucerne, Zurich, Einsiedeln,
Glarus, Walenstadt, Altstätten,
Appenzell, Konstanz, Schaffhausen,
Lucerne, Brünig, Meiringen,
Grindelwald, Lauterbrunnen, Interlaken,
Thun, Berne, Neuchâtel, Basel.
See Wordsworth's
route over the
Simplon.
Prince Augustus, Duke of Sussex: Lausanne
(lives in Ludlow's house, cf. 1660)
A British tourist, Joshua Lucock
Wilkinson, gets arrested at Rolle on
suspicion of being the escaped Louis
XVI.
Horace-Benedict
de
Saussure
climbs Klein Matterhorn
Edward
Daniel
Clarke
(1769-1822) takes the Gotthard route from
Basel to Turin. "Our carriages were drawn
by oxen and peasants over high mountains
of snow, where no European had ever
dreamed of meeting a carriage before,
among precipices, rocks, torrents and
cataracts. The mountaineers beheld us with
astonisment, the children ran away from
us, and the men could not be kept from the
wheels ... in their eagerness to see
inside." (de Beer, 94)
During a two years' stay at
Neuchâtel, Lord Valentine Lawless
Cloncurry meets: William
Beckford,
Lord Coleshill, the Duke of Sussex, Lord
Boringdon, Lord Morpeth, the Duchess of
Devonshire, the Duchess of Ancaster, Lord
Carmarthen, Lord Cholmondely, Earl
Annesley, Robert Fowler Bishop of Ossory
and Lord Robert Fitzgerald (de Beer, p.
98)
Helen
Maria
Williams
(1762-1827) (see also 1794)
Georgiana, Duchess of Devonshire, Edward
Gibbon, Frederick Augustus Hervey, Lady
Elizabeeth Webster, Elizabeth
Wynne.
Rev. Henry Boyd: The Wanderer, a lyric
poem, in four irregular odes.
Travel book:
J. G. Ebel von Züllichau Anleitung
auf die nützlichste und
genussreichste Art die Schweiz zu
bereisen, Zürich, 2 Theile
8.
Helen
Maria
Williams
(1762-1827), together with John Hurtford
Stone (released by Robespierre): Basel,
Zurich, Lucerne, Altdorf, Gotthard,
Bellinzona, Lugano, San Bernardino, Chur,
Wallenstadt, Glarus, Engelberg, Zug,
Solothurn, Bern, Biol, Neuchatel, Morat,
Lausanne, Geneva, Vevey, Sion. (see
1798)
Viktor von Bonstetten, Edward Daniel
Clarke, Rowley Lascelles, Lord Lismore,
Elizabeth Wynne.
Thomas
Wedgwood,
first "photographer" visits Lucerne, the
Rigi, Brünig and
Meiringen.
system of national diligences
(Eilkutschen) established.
Helen
Maria
Williams
(1762-1827): A Tour in Switzerland
"The graceful style and the lively
imagination of the authoress will never
efface the bad impressions, which the
revolutionary principles that are held
forth in this book, are apt to make on the
minds of impartial readers" (Coxe,
Travels in Switzerland, vol. III,
p. 361)
Samuel Taylor Coleridge: Tell's
Birthplace, imitated from Stolberg
Travel Book:
Georgina Cavendish, Duchess of
Devonshire.: Memorandums of the Face of
the Country in Switzerland.
Treaty of Amiens signed by Britain,
France, Spain, and the Netherlands. Travel
to the continent becomes possible during a
14 months' peace.
Robert Malthus (1766-1834) visits
Switzerland, Voltaire and Rousseau.
Heinrich von Kleist settles in
Thun.
First of six extended visits to
Switzerland by J.
M. W.
Turner
(1775-1851): Geneva, Chamonix, Aosta,
Grand St. Bernard, Martigny, Vevey,
Château d'Oex, Saanen, Zweisimmen,
Interlaken, Grindelwald, Grosse Scheidegg,
Meiringen, Brünig, Lucerne, Altdorf,
Andermatt, Zurich, Schaffhausen, Basel. He
makes 400 sketches on this
tour.
Samuel Taylor Coleridge: Hymn
before Sunrise, in the Vale of
Chamouni
Willam Wordsworth: Thought
of a Briton on the Subjugation of
Switzerland
Travel Literature:
Coxe, William. Travels in Switzerland
and in the Country of the Grisons, in a
Series of Letters to William Melmoth, Exq.
A New Edition. (3 vol.)
Friedrich Schiller: Wilhelm
Tell
Inspirerd by Nicholas Friedrich von
Mühlenen, Interlaken organizes its
first folk festival (Unspunnenfest),
probably the first attempt to launch a
resort.
Simplon route is open for coach travel
(the first Alpine pass road)
Interlaken's second folk festival
(Unspunnenfest) attracts 6,000 visitors
(among them princes and counts)
Music festivals organized on the
Rigi.
Percy Bysshe Shelley
(1792-1822)
elopes with Mary
(Wollstonecraft)
Godwin
and her stepsister Claire Clairmont,
arriving at Lucerne and Brunnen via
Neuchâtel.
Michael
Faraday
is Sir Humphry
Davy's
valet and ammanuensis on a tour through
Domodossola, Simplon, Brig, Sion,
Martigny, Geneva, Lausanne, Vevey,
Payerne, Berne, Zurich, Schaffhausen.
Caroline, Princess of Wales, and unhappy
wife of the future King George IV, tours
the continent and visits Basel, Moutier,
Berne, Lausanne, Geneva, Chamonix, Geneva,
Lausanne, Martigny, Sion, Brig, Simplon,
Domodossola. She continues her tour
through Italy, Greece, Ephesus, and
Jerusalem while the Prince
Regent
is at home enjoying his mistresses.
Other tourists in this year: Richard Boyle
Bernard, Sir David Brewster, Charles
Lennox Cumming Bruce, Stratford Canning,
Lady Charlotte Bury, Edward Coplestone,
Sir Henry Holland, Sir James Mackintosh,
John Mayne, John Milford, Samuel Rogers,
James Thomas Townley Tisdall, General Sir
Robert Wilson.
Upon Napoleon's return from Elba the Swiss
cantons split: Vaud and Aargau are
Bonapartist, Basel and Geneva neutral,
Berne for the allies.
Lord
Byron
stays mainly at the Lake of Geneva and
makes excursions around the lake, but but
he also visits Basel, Lucerne, Bern,
Murten, Château d'Oex, Saanen,
Zweisimmen, Interlaken, Lauterbrunnen,
Grindelwald, Meiringen, Thun, Berne,
Fribourg, Sion, Brig, Simplon,
Domodossola.
P.B.
Shelley,
Mary
(Wollstonecraft)
Godwin
and Claire Clairmont stay at the Hotel de
Sécheron, Geneva, where they meet
Lord
Byron
and his physician and friend
John
Polidori.
Together they settle down for the summer
at Cologny. Byron lives at the
Villa
Diodati,
the Shelleys in a house nearby (see:
Ghost
story
session).
Works written at that time include:
Shelley: Hymn to Intellectual Beauty,
Mary Shelley: Frankenstein,
Byron: Childe Harold's Pilgrimage,
Manfred, The Prisoner of Chillon,
Polidori: The Vampyre. Claire gets
a child by Byron.
The scandalous group attracts other
tourists and the proprietor of the Hotel
d'Angleterre erects a telescope, so that
they can watch Byron's window for a small
charge. (Wraight, p. 214).
James Cockburn makes an extended tour. He
is said to have been the first to use a
camera lucida in making his drawings and
sketches in the alps.
Other British tourists in this year: Sir
Archibald Alison, Andrew Bell, Lord Henry
Brougham, Lady de Clifford, Edward
Coplestone, W. E. Frye, Robert Haldane,
John Cam. Hobhouse, Thomas Hookham, Thomas
Langton, Matthew Gregory (Monk) Lewis, Sir
Roderick Murchison, John Playfair, Adam
Sedgwick, Richard Sharp, Lady Francis
Shelley, John Sheppard, Lord Tignmouth,
Hugh William Williams.
P.B. Shelley: Mont
Blanc. Lines written in the Vale of
Chamouni
Chamonix: first luxury hotel (The Hotel de
l'Union), followed by 'la Couronne' and
'le Royal'
Henry Venn Elliott: "As for the Hotel on
the Righi, the Accommodations were
sufficiently miserable..."
Robert
Southey:
"Were I to settle anywhere on the
continent, Switzerland should be the
country, and probably Lausanne the
place."
Other visitors include: W. E. Frye, Thomas
Langton, John Playfair, Thomas Raffles,
Stewart Rose, John Barber Scott, George
Ticknor, Jane Waldie, Samuel Miller
Waring, Stephen Weston.
Mary and Percy Bysshe Shelley.
History
of a Six Weeks'
Tour.
Byron's Manfred
published. Its description of Wengen,
Scheidegg and Grindelwald glaciers spreads
the fame of the Bernese Oberland
throughout Britain.
Mr. B. Emery of Charing Cross begins to
organise group tours to Switzerland by
stage coach. Each tour is limited to six
persons with 50 kg of luggage each. They
have two days in Paris and fourteen days
in Switzerland, stoppping each night at a
different place. All-inclusive price: 20
Guineas. The tours were continued for
several years. (Wraight, p.
218)
Robert Glutz-Blotheim: Revision of
Heidegger's Handbuch (1789)
combined with Ebel's Anleitung
(1793)
Poetry:
Sir Walter Scott, The Battle of
Sempach
Edmund
Kean
visits Geneva, Martigny, Grand St.
Bernard.
Edward Duke of Kent (Queen Victoria's
father) spends his honeymoon in Berne,
Thun, Interlaken, Lauterbrunnen and
Grindelwald.
Other tourists: Sir Archibald Alison,
Capt. Basil Hall, Sir Charles Lyell, Henry
Matthews, Thomas Medwin, John Murray, John
Scott, Edward Stanley, Samuel Miller
Waring.
Daniel Wall, The Traveller's Guide
through Switzerland.
Samuel Miller Waring The
Traveller's Fireside. A Series of papers
on Switzerland, the Alps, etc. containing
information and descriptions, original and
selected from French and Swiss
authors.
1820-1830
James Pattison Cockburn: Swiss Scenery
(drawings and engravings)
William
Wordsworth
retraces his earlier tour [cf.
1790] with his wife
Dorothy:
Schaffhausen, Zurich, Aarburg,
Herzogenbuchsee, Bern, thun, Interlaken,
Lauterbrunnen, Grindelwald, Meiringen,
Brünig, Engelberg, Lucerne, Rigi,
Altdorf, amsteg, Hospenthal, St. Gotthard,
Airolo, Bellinzona, Locarnon, Luino, Ponte
Tresa, Lugano, Como, Milan, Domodossola,
Simplon, Brig, Sion, Martigny, Chamonix,
Villeneuve, Lausanne, Geneva.
Dorothy is delighted, but William
complains about the effects of tourism in
a letter to Trelawney: "As to the
arbitrary, pitiless, godless wretches, who
have removed Nature's landmakrs by cutting
roads through Alps and Appenines, until
all things are reduced to the same dead
level, they will be arraigned hereafter
with the unjust." (de Beer, 156)
Other visitors: R. Bakewell, Mary Berry,
Marianne Colston, J. J. Coulmann, Kenelm
Henry Digby, Maria Edgeworth, Thomas
Medwin, Henry Crabb Robinson, Edward John
Trelawny, Stephen Weston.
The guides of Chamonix
form themselves into a corporation with
fixed tariffs for climbs ('La Compagnie
des Guides').
John Philip Kemble (1757-1823), actor and
theatre manager, dies in
Lausanne.
Guillaume Tell (steam boat on Lake
Geneva).
The routes over San Bernardino and Splugen
are open for coach traffic.
Bernard Barton ( 1784-1849): To
Switzerland
William
Hazlitt
(1778-1830) makes a literary pilgrimage to
the scenes depicted by Rousseau in La
nouvelle Heloise. Domodossola,
Simplon, Brig, Sion, Martigny, Bex, Vevey,
Col de Balme, Basel, Chamonix, Geneva,
Lausanne, Vevey, Yverdon, Neuchâtel,
Biel, Moutier.
The first tourist ever sighted in the
Saas Valley (Valais) is an Englishman,
William Brockedon.
Other tourists in this year: Edmund Clark
and Markham Sherwill, George Downes,
Thomas Jefferson Hogg, Victor Hugo, Thomas
Medwin, John Murray, Colonel Moyle Sherer,
Seth William Stevenson.
Richard
Parkes
Bonington:
La Place du Molard, Geneva; The Bridge of
St. Maurice, Valais.
"Switzerland in Miniature", a model by
M. A. Gaudin, is exhibited at the Egyptian
Hall in Picadilly.
Mark Lemon (1809-1870): Arnold of
Winkelried or: The Fight of Sempach! A
Drama in Five Acts.
Steamboats: "Leman" (280 tons, Lake of
Geneva); "Verbano" (Lago Maggiore)
Julier pass opened for traffic to the
Engadine.
Benjamin Disraeli visits Geneva, Martigny,
Sion, Brig, Simplon, Domodossola.
Other tourists: Mrs. Bodington,
Richard
Parkes
Bonington,
John Carne, N. H. Carter, Thomas
Erskine,
James David Forbes, Charles James La
Trobe, William Thomson, Clarissa Trant,
Walter Weever.
William Liddiard (author of a travel book,
see 1832) visits Geneva, Chamonix,
Martigny, Vevey, Lausanne, Murten, Berne,
Thun, Interlaken, Lauterbrunnen,
Grindelwald, Meiringen, Brünig,
Lucerne, Rigi, Altdorf, Andermatt, St.
Gotthard, Altdorf, Brunnen, Schwyz,
Einsiedeln, Lucerne, Willisau.
Other tourists: Henry Angelo, John Auldjo,
John Ball, John Carne, Sir Charles
Fellows, Robert Gray, J.D. Sinclair,
Richard Twining, Weever Walter, Sir David
Wilkie.
James
Fenimore Cooper
makes
the "full" tour: Les Verrieres,
Neuchâtel, Berne, Thun, Interlaken,
Lauterbrunnen, Grindelwald, Meiringen,
Berne, Baden, Schaffhausen, Rorschach,
Altstätten, Gais, St. Gallen,
Herisau, Zurich, Albis, Zug, Rigi,
Lucerne, Langnau, Brienz, Brünig,
Stans, Brunnen, Schwyz, Einsiedeln,
Glarus, Walenstadt, Chur, Disentis,
Oberalp, Andermatt, Furka, Grimsel,
Lausanne, Geneva, Martigny, Sion, Brig,
Simplon, Domodossola.
Other visitors: Yeats Brown, John Cam
Hobhouse (Lord Broughton), Earl of
Malmesbury, Thomas Maude.
First hotel in Montreux.
English church established at Pully (near
Lausanne)
Zermatt: Lord Minto and his son climb the
Breithorn with guides from
Chamonix.
1830-1837
James Fenimore Cooper: Schaffhausen,
Zurich, Einsiedeln, Schwyz, Lucerne,
Brünig, Meiringen, Interlaken,
Lauterbrunnen, Grindelwald, Thun, Berne,
Murten, Vevey, Martigny, Grand St.
Bernard, Geneva.
William Liddiard (1773-1841): Three
Months' Tour in Switzerland and
France.
St. Moritz: Inauguration of the first bath
house using the source's mineral water. It
features bathing rooms and a drinking hall
as its principal amenities, but no
accommodation for the night.
William
Henry Fox Talbot
(1807-77)
sketches the Swiss mountains from Lake
Como with the help of a camera lucida,
developping the first real
camera.
Ralph Waldo Emerson: Domodossola, Simplon,
Brig, Sion, Martigny, Geneva: "To oblige
my companions, and protesting all the way
upon the unworthiness of his memory, I
went to Ferney." (de Beer, p. 290)
John Ruskin: Schaffhausen, Chur, Thusis,
Splügen, Chiavenna, Milano, Aosta,
Grand St. Bernard, Martigny, Vevey, Berne,
Thun, Interlaken, Lucerne, Zurich, Baden,
Basel, Geneva, Chamonix.
On the way to Basel the Ruskins run into
the civil war between Basel Stadt and
Baselland.
Lord Edward Bulwer Lytton: Geneva, Coppet,
Clarens, Evian, Villeneuve, Martigny.
Thomas
Lovell
Beddoes
(1803-49), banished from Bavaria, settles
permanently in Switzerland: First in
Zurich, then in Basel. (1844)
Zurich: Johannes Bauer founds a restaurant
(which will later become the Baur au Lac,
see 1833)
Hôtel
des
Bergues
(Geneva) built on the shore of the Lake of
Geneva. One of its founders is the later
General Henri Dufour
First sailings on the Lake of Thun on
"PS
Bellevue",
Lake of Zurich: "Minerva".
"Gotthardpost": Basel - Milano
Mr Emery's tours to Switzerland cost 20
pounds, it takes ten days to get from
London to Basel.
Thomas Lovell Beddoes (1803-49) settles in
Zurich and undertakes the first staging of
Shakespeearean plays in German
there.
Michael Faraday, Edward Forbes, Olver
Wendell Holmes, Sir Charles Lyell, Matthew
O'COnnor, John Ruskin (1819-1900), R. J.
Shuttleworth, Mrs. Elizabeth
Strutt,.
Unsuccessful attempt to climb the Jungfrau
by Yeats Brown and Stanhope Templeton
Speer.
Escher-Wyss build the first steamship
without assistance from aborad, the
Escher-Linth, for service on the
Walensee.
Henry
Wadsworth
Longfellow:
Konstanz, Schaffhausen, Zurich, Rigi,
Altdorf, Andermatt, Furka, Grimsel,
Meiringen, Giessbach, Interlaken,
Lauterbrunnen, Grindelwald, Thun, Berne,
Lausanne, Vevey, Geneva, Chamonix,
Lausanne, Brienz, Brünig, Lucerne,
Zurich, Schaffhausen. Part of the scene of
Hyperion is laid in
Switzerland.
Other visitors: Honore de Balzac, Fanny W.
Hall, Franz Liszt, George Sand, George
Ticknor, J.M.W. Turner.
J.
F. Cooper
(1789-1851): Gleanings
in Europe:
Switzerland
William Beattie: Switzerland
Illustrated in a Series of View Taken
expressly for this Work
by
William Henry
Bartlett.
(see: picture of Basel)
till
1789
/ The Romantics (1789 - 1837) / The
Victorians (1837
- 1901) / 20th
century
full timeline
(one
page)
Bibliography:
de Beer, G. R. Travellers in Switzerland. London
1949
Bernard, Paul B. Rush to the Alps. New York 1978.
Jud, Markus. Geschichte der Schweiz, Verkehr
[http://www.geschichte-schweiz.ch/verkehr.html]
Wraight, John. The Swiss and the British. Salisbury:
Russell:1987
course
programme (provisional)
American History: Colonial
America
/ 1789
- 1901
/ 1901
- 2003
British History: History
of Great Britain